A Report On The Royal Gazette - 1645 Words

The Royal Gazette Over the last few weeks there have been numerous breakouts of the Plague. It has infected over 1/2 of Europe s population and is still spreading! Death and disease are probably becoming familiar features in your life but luckily for you, health workers believe it’s almost over. New cures are reportedly found and believed to be successful. (Continued Page 2) New gossip comes to surface after a family moves town (See more Page 10) Are the Government doing enough to help us survive? (Find out on Page 6) Symptoms of the Plague Signs and symptoms include black lumps occurring underneath arms and on the groin (see above). Signs of infection will occur in around 1-5 days after infection. If these†¦show more content†¦- Carry pockets of sweet-smelling herbs. -Some people are saying that the best cure for the Plague is to digest one whole spoon full of finely crushed emeralds. -Let leeches suck you dry. The last cure mentioned appeared to be successful for one man named Norwan Iron. He reported to a Plague doctor what he had discovered and Sir Rowan Black has said that it is a very successful cure. How some people are dealing with the Plague? Religion and other methods Many people have turned to different solutions in this horrid time of need. While many people have followed Hippocratic advice and fled, others wait. The Plague - being the will of God is to be endured and fleeing is prohibited. Others are turned to religion for protection from death. People are forming themselves into wandering groups of penitents (someone who seeks forgiveness from God). They have been travelling from town to town, ritually beating themselves in public acts of shame to a God who is evidently very angry. Violence is also taking place. Groups of people are attempting kill anyone who is suspected of carrying the plague. A public health response to the Black Death: Creating Cures In a desperate attempt to survive the Plague, people are coming up with numerous Plague ‘cures’. Strapping live chickens around Plague infected areas or drinking medicines mixed with mercury or arsenic in attempts to save themselves. Very few doctors are agreeing with

Computer Role in Entertainment the Arts Free Essays

Computer Role in Entertainment the Arts How will my leisure activities be affected by information technology? Information technology is being used for all kinds of entertainment, ranging from video games to telegambling. It is also being used in the arts, from painting to photography. Let’s consider just two examples, music and film. We will write a custom essay sample on Computer Role in Entertainment the Arts or any similar topic only for you Order Now Computers, the internet, and the World Wide Web are standing the system of music recording and distribution on its head and in the process are changing the financial underpinnings of the music industry. Because of their high overhead, major record labels typically need a band to sell half a million CDs in order to be profitable, but independent bands, using online marketing, can be reasonably successful selling 20,000 or 30,000 albums. Team Love, a small music label established in 2003, found it could promote its first two bands, Tilly and the Wall and Willy Mason, by offering songs online free for (Dowloading—transferring data from a remote computer to one’s own computer—so that people could listen to them before paying $12 for a CD. It also puts videos online for sharing and uses quirky websites to reach fans. â€Å"There’s something exponential going on,† says one of Team Love’s founders. â€Å"The more music that’s downloaded, the more it sells. â€Å"‘† Many independent musicians are also using the internet to get their music heard, hoping that giving away songs will help them build audiences/*4 The web also offers sources for instantly downloadable sheet music. One research engineer has devised a computerized scoring system for judging musical competitions that overcomes the traditional human-jury approach, which can he swayed by personalities and. olyphonicHMI and a Spanish company, PolyphonicHMI, has created Hit Song Science software, which they say can analyze the hit potential of new songs by, according to one description, â€Å"reference to a finely parsed universe of attributes derived from millions of past songs. † As for movies, now that blockbuster mo vies routinely meld live action, and animation, computer artists are in big demand. The 1999 film Star Wars: Episode /, for instance, had fully 1,965 digital shots out of about 2,200 shots. Even when film was used, it was scanned into computers to be tweaked with animated effects, lighting, and the like. Entire beings were created on computers by artists working on designs developed by producer George Lucas and his chief artist. computers as a source of entertainment as well as amusement Answer The sources of entertainment has evolved down the ages. But human beings search for entertainment and things that could amuse him or her has been existing since time immemorial. One of the latest form of entertainment for the present civilization is computers. With inbuilt and loaded computer games, availability of softwares which allow you to paint, listen to music, watch videos, movies and also allow you to create music or videos or movies; computer has really become a major source of entertainment for the people who are computer savvy or at least computer literate. Other than this, the obvious source of entertainment on computers is the internet which not just connects you to the rest of the world but also allows you to find your amusement right at home. Chat rooms allow us to connect with like minded people and discuss with them about our favourite topics. Messengers also allow us to connect to your friends across the world and talk to them. Websites which carry news and other matters related to entertainment become a major source. Online games allow us to play with other people who have access to that game in a virtual world, while we are all seated in our own room in front of our PCs. Innumerable examples of internet as an entertainment source can be quoted. Now with Microsoft and Google promising to built the complete virtual structures of any city in the world on the internet, people would not have to travel to those people on holidays in order to explore and enjoy the city. They just have to log on to the Google World or the Microsoft site and explore the city online where they can walk down the streets enter buildings and even make purchase while they are gossiping about the prices with the other customers in the shops. Now can there be any doubt that computers are a main source of entertainment and amusement in this generation? Computer Games Entertainment The computer games and entertainment business is a fast growing multi-billion dollar worldwide business, with games platforms ranging from Playstation 3, Xbox 360, Nintendo Wii, mobile and handhelds including iPhone, iPad and Android phones, PC-based, and massively multiplayer online games (MMOG) involving tens of thousands of people. With ongoing strong demand for graduate computer games programmers from the UK and abroad, this MSc will produce graduates who are well positioned to get a job in this exciting worldwide industry. Potential employers include EA, Ubisoft, Sony, Activision, Microsoft, Cinesite, Framestore, and many more. In a wider sense, the influence of computer games programming is spreading to other digital media industries outside games, as seen in products such as Second Life, Habbo Hotel and Bebo, or as seen in other entertainment industries such as special effects for television, videos and movies. Computer games are starting to fundamentally change the way people interact with computerised systems. Computers isn’t limited to the areas where we most expect to find it such as business and industry. It’s also being widely used in entertainment and arts world. These are almost as Sports: If there is a perfect way to pitch a ball, execute a spin on the ice, or take off from a ski jump, computers can find it. By analyzing the motions of the best athletes, sports trainers and kinetic specialists establish profiles. Other athletes can compare themselves to those profiles and try to improve their own styles and moves. Thus computer can be taken as a crucial element now in entertainment ndustry, with more and more multimedia content being planned, and built many applications as there are entertainers and artists. People look forward to the entertainment for recreation, so that they can reduce their stress and strains of their complex machine like schedules. All our traditional entertainment utilities like music, movies, sports, games, etc. are now affected by IT, one can ha ve all these services, sitting at home and enjoying themselves. Computers are used in entertainment to create or enhance a production or performance. The tools have become so sophisticated that it’s becoming almost impossible to distinguish between the real and the artificial in the film and the photography. Movies: If you have seen Titanic, matrix, Jurassic Park or cartoons on any TV channel, can you question the importance of Computers in the film industry? With the aid of sophisticated graphics and animation packages the special effect technicians can create any illusion. Computers help in improving productivity by automating time consuming, repetitive and monotonous processes. They give the movie makers a lot by giving them the power to create the kind of special effects they want. Computers are widely used to create special effects in Big Budget movies. They are also extensively used behind the scenes to edit film during the production process. Scanners are generally used to help create complex twisting motions. New movies are developed using computer graphics, animations etc. which resemble real life events, thus reducing cost as well as time involved in the making of such movies. Music: The use of technology in the world of music is an unavoidable fact. Any musical composition that we hear today goes through a technological process at some point. Music allows you to edit recorded music or even create your own. With the computer connected to a stereo or synthesizer, you can be your own composer and audience. Both artist and sound engineers are finding novel applications for computer in their work. There are lot of Music Composition languages that provide ways to create music on a computer   some are Music, Symbolic, Composer, Fugue and so on which run on different platforms. Animations: In earlier days, Bugs and Bunny, the road Runner, were laboriously hand drawn in the hundred of the thousands of frame needed for each cartoon but now computers are doing much of the repetitions work. The computer can create outer space, alien characters, and extinct-animals and so on without the need of creating their physical models. The filmmaker then integrates these backgrounds and characters with   the real characters seamlessly. Example is Jurassic Park. . How to cite Computer Role in Entertainment the Arts, Essay examples

Railroads Effect Chicago Essay Example For Students

Railroads Effect Chicago Essay annonThe nation network of railroads laid from 1848 through the Civil War, andthe steam powered locomotives that traversed them, supplied Chicago withvast new markets, resources, and people who quickly transformed it from aquiet Frontier village into a highly populated industrial powerhouse. TheChicago of 1830 was hardly a city at all. Fort Dearborn located near thefork of what is now the Chicago River was bogged down with mud andtormented by disease and Indian wars. By the 1833 when the city wasincorporated, a warehouse, dry goods store, and hotel had all been built. William B. Ogden, the first mayor of Chicago was also the first to attemptto give Chicago a railroad. He chartered the Galena and Chicago Railroadin 1836, but it collapsed with the economic disaster of 1837 (Berger 3). Ogden tried again in 1846, and on October 22, 1848 Chicagos firstlocomotive, Pioneer, was loaded onto the tracks (Casey, Douglas 59). Inretrospect, Pioneer turned out to be a fitting name for the citys firsttrain, because by 1866 there were more than forty railroads servingChicago and the citys population had skyrocketed to just under 300,000. There were many problems that needed to be resolved starting in the 1830s,before a railroad could become a versatile enough to be a cost effectivecarrier of freight and people. The nations original tracks had beenbuilt mainly of wood, although cheaper than iron, it was quickly decidedthat irons durability was well worth the extra cost. Another developmentwas the placement of ballas, or pebbles, that covered the bottom of thetracks and added weight and stability along with drainage to the tracks. Also, the trains were known to collide head on into grazing animals. Theproblem lay in how to keep the animal from being pulled under the trainand causing it to derail. This answer came with the placement of a hoodplate on the front of the locomotive so that whatever hit the train wouldbe pushed harmlessly in front of it and could later be cleared withoutendangering the train. Other major safety issues found solutions with theutilization of lights and horns (Gordon 27-33). By 1848, when Chicago wasready to start building railroads, the technology had already beendeveloped enough to conduct real business. Charters for railroads leading to Chicago soon began to pour in. After the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad was completed shortly after1853, it merged with the Chicago and Northwestern Railway which began itslong march to Greenbay WI. Soon came the Illinois Central, the ChicagoRock Island and Pacific, and the Chicago Burlington and Quincy. Many morecame and connected Chicago to nearly every part of the US (Gordon 151). If one looked at a map of all the major trunk lines that stretched overthe United States, he would see a wheel with Chicago as the hub (Berger22). The busy development of all these new railroads furnished thedeveloping Chicago with huge markets, to both the east and the west. Chicagos destiny as center of industry was set, but it would still takesome time for Chicago to take advantage of its potential. The first of the markets was the ever-expanding frontier with itsagricultural surplus that lay to the west and north of Chicago. In thefrontier, a towns distance from a railroad determined what its cost fortrade and travel would be. To minimize these costs, new cities and farmspopped up very close to the railroads (Martin 81). Train loads of NewEnglanders came to these new villages in search of the free homesteadsthat they saw in newspaper advertisements and pamphlets back home. Thesemen and women became the farmers who ended up producing surplus cropswhich they desired to sell (Gordon 35). According to Mayer, as theylooked for their most profitable course of action, their goal was adestination with the most choices of routes, the highest competition, andtherefore the lowest rates (Growth 122). With connections to many of thenations railways, Chicago marked the spot to the farmers of the West. Chicago was the perfect outlet to sell their heavy and relativelyinexpensive crops. The railroads in Chicago had laid the foundation forits success limited only to the ingenuity of the capitalistic market. To the east lay Chicagos second market, New England. By the1850s, this region was industrialized and was producing vast quantities ofmanufactured goods. Facing much the same dilemma as the West, New Englandrealized that Chicago was a perfect spot to export its goods. A majorityof these manufactured goods was through traffic for Chicago and aftera short layover was loaded onto other trains to continue on west (Casey,Douglas 122). These manufactured goods included building materials,industrial tools, and hardware. Liking what they saw, the frontierfarmers became increasingly enticed to send their wheat, hay, cement,lumber and wool to Chicago in exchange for money they spent purchasinggoods from back east. So began a cycle of trade between the East and Weston railroads that all went via Chicago. Snake By Lawrence EssayUntil the refrigerator car was developed in 1869, butchered hogs wereusually packed into wooden barrels to cure and then sent abroad aboardnumerous train lines. After 1869, meat-packers such as Gustavus Swiftrevolutionized the meat industry by sending fresh meat across the nationover rail (Stover 200). Beside the actual meat, many by-products soondeveloped large markets of their own (Growth 52). One worker at Armourswas interviewed and exageratingly said a cow goes lowin softy in andcomes out glue, gelatine, fertylizer, celoolid, joolry, sofy cushions,hair restorer, washin sody, soap, and bed springs (Qtd. In Growth54). The railroads in Chicago increased the numbers of factories,elevators, mills, and depots. As Chicago continued to develop, itsexpanding population would have to find new places, outside of downtown,to live. The first to leave were the rich. These were the men who sawlight at the end of the tunnel, the railroad tunnel to be precise. Theyopened their own businesses profiting on the production of new rawresources that Chicago received as freight aboard trains. The mansions ofMarshall Field and Phillip Armour were the first on the South Side whilethe West Side also provided new land for wealthy merchants, lumberdealers, and manufacturers to build their homes. The North Side founditself more isolated from the city as the river was always difficult tocross due to the constant use of the numerous draw- bridges. Because ofthe obstacle north of the North Branch of the Chicago River did notattract many buyers and therefore retained an aristocratic aura to it(Port 137). As Chicago grew into the new role as a commodities center, astrong middle-class of shopkeepers, speculators along with doctors,lawyers, and skilled artisans developed. These people lived in growingcommunities of single-family homes on the outskirts of betterneighborhoods (Berger 66). Also much of the middle-class migrated to thenewly developing suburbs which popped up like beads around a string on therailroad lines leaving the city (Martin 67). The railroads provideddepots and daily passenger service that allowed these people to commuteinto the city to their jobs. The Chicago and Northwestern Railway, withits main line of 242 miles from Chicago to Greenbay was the route thatallowed Northern suburbs from Evanston to Lake Forest to become part ofthe greater metropolitan Chicago. The working class, Chicagos bluecollared labor supply, was also growing at a very fast rate. A portion ofthe working poor initially came to work on the railroads and decided tostay. Many were immigrants new to the country, while others had traveledto Chicago in hopes of cashing in on its success. These men were thelongshoremen who unloaded cargo from trains, the warehousemen who movedthe grain to elevators, and the millers who ground the wheat down to flour(Casey, Douglas 342). What they all shared were the avenues or thesmall lots where several families live together i n houses no bigger thanfour rooms (Growth 54). Many of the streets remained littered andunpaved, and the mortality rate was very high. At such close quarters,different ethnic neighborhoods began to form. In the mix of their harshenvironment, close knit communities of Irish, German, Indians, Blacks,Jews, Poles, and Swedes all were formed. In approximately twenty yearsfrom the arrival of trains, Chicago found itself the forefront of industryand the second most populated city in the country. The train along withthe need of the country for a central trade route had allowed Chicago toform industries which continued to exist solely because of the continuoussupport they received from the railroads. Chicago and the people who madefortunes from industry located within Chicago had a lot for which to thankthe railroads. Like the locomotives successful ascent of a mountain inthe story of the Little Engine that Could, so did the little village ofChicago grow to the top of the nation. WORKS CITEDBerger, L. Miles. They Built Chicago: Entrepreneurs Who Shaped a GreatCitys Architecture. Chicago: Bonus Book, Inc., 1992. 1-6. Gordon, H. Sarah. Passage To Union: How the Railroads Transformed AmericanLife. Chicago:Ivan R. Dee, Inc., 1996. Martin, Albro. Railroads Triumphant. New York: Oxford University P, 1992. Mayer, M. Harold. Chicago: Growth of a Metropolis. Chicago: The Universityof Chicago P, 1969. . The Port of Chicago. Chicago: The University of Chicago P, 1957. Casey, J. Robert, and W.A.S Douglas. Pioneer Railroad: The Story of theChicago and Northwestern System. New York: Whittlesey House, Inc., 1948. Rail Center of the Nation. World Book Encyclopedia. 1959 ed. Stover, F. John. History of the Illinois Central Railroad. New York:Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975.

Pointless death in war Essay Example

Pointless death in war Essay Good Evening/Morning Teachers and fellow students, today is the day that marks Wilfred Owens Inclusion into the War Poets Hall of Fame. Owens poetry was different to that of some other types of war poets of his time because he was courageous enough to make his attacks on the government and the significant loss of life. His Ideas and techniques are presented throughout the two poems Dulce et Decorum Est and Anthem for Doomed Youth. Owen explores the truths of war in these poems through themes such as; war as the horrific and savage scene it is, the disparity between reality of the battlefield and the perception of what war is at home. Owen shows the devastation of war on the human being and soul, not only the physical but the mental effects of war. The soldiers are influenced by government propaganda, they are told to die for their country; the betrayal, conspiracy and devastating loss of innocent youth. Owen is able to portray these truths through his powerful poetry. Throughout his poems he uses allusions, guttural consonants, onomatopoeia and other techniques to create powerful messages that war is, to quote Owen himself, to hell and back. We will write a custom essay sample on Pointless death in war specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pointless death in war specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pointless death in war specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Dulce et Decorum Est brings the realisation that war is not as it is portrayed to the public, but the allusion that the government gives to the country. This is shown through the title Dulce et Decorum Est. This title means that it is sweet and honorable to die for ones country this allusion throughout the poem shows through irony and sarcasm that it is the The old Lie; Dulce et Decorum est Pro patria mori. This shows how war is everything but sweet and honorable it is about the death and horror brought into peoples lives. War equals death. The description of the soldier drowning in the blood of his froth corrupted lungs certainly negates this. Owen shows the unknown fact that men are dying for their country in a horrible way. Owen is hiding it in another language, just as the government was hiding the truth from their country, letting people kill themselves. This is very different to the poets during Owens time, as he was not glorifying war, but exposing the devastating affect war had on humankind. This is used in conjunction with the disparity between war on the battlefront and the corruption of the perception of a courageous and glorious place to be. In the poem Anthem for Doomed Youth, Owen illustrates his theme of the devastating loss of youth. The title to brings to mind the hope of a song of praise, but Owen uses this to his advantage. He emphasises his theme through the words Anthem, Doomed Youth in the title of the poem are juxtaposed to highlight the brutality reality of war. The word Youth normally brings to mind happiness and joy. Owen places Youth next to the word Doomed which illustrates to the audience the stress and hopelessness of the youth during war. The word Anthem usually associates with a patriotic song or song of praise, Owen draws to mind the fact that these boys have nothing to sing about during the chaos of war. Owen effects the thoughts and feelings of people that have not experienced war for what it is, the major loss of innocent lives. Owen shows the significance of his poetry through the title, giving the audience a sense of feeling for the poem. Owen uses visual representations in Dulce to show the mental and physical effects on the soldiers going through the punishment of war and how this changes the young soldiers. The harshness of the simile bent double like old beggars illustrates how the soldiers look, showing them as crestfallen and disheartened, bent. This is not how soldiers are normally depicted they should have their heads held high and marching tall. Owen shows how the young men of war have now become old beggars; they have aged and are begging for their lives; lives that may be taken away from them at any time. This along with an ecstasy of fumbling shows the urgent need for the salvation of ones life. The ecstasy of fumbling to put on their gas masks shows the audience how the soldiers have been forced into the bent and begging state to save their lives. The soldiers are beyond exhaustion, they have to find the energy to put on their gas mask or they will face death. The innocence of youth has been lost. Some have lost their lives; others have lost their mental state. Owen also shows the mental effects on the young soldiers as they are killed and thrown away to die through the poem Anthem for Doomed Youth. Owens main theme is the fact that the young soldiers do not get the proper funeral they deserve. The opening line What passing bells for those who die as cattle? the use of this rhetorical question illustrates numbers of soldiers massacred as if they were cattle, shredding the blood of youth, their pain, and death in large numbers. Owen uses onomatopoeia and personification in the bombs to represent the harshness of the battlefield, as the soldiers had to endure the sounds of wailing shells as they brutally diminish the soldiers mind. Owen compares the funeral at home compared to the funeral on the battlefield. The holy glimmers interpreted as tears, in the eyes of the soldiers, and funeral bells are replaced with the sounds of weapons firing. Owen shows that during war soldiers deaths are seen to be insignificant. Owen shows the insignificance of human life and the mental horrors as young men are brought to tears, the devastation of war and the savage mean to kill people. The use of Guttural consonants throughout Owens poem Dulce et Decorum Est are shown through words such as guttering, choking, drowning the use of t k and d emphasise the harshness of war. These words describe how a young soldier is dies in war; there is nothing smooth and flowing about the death of a soldier. It tells of the death of a young soldier just because he wasnt quick enough to put on his gas mask. The harsh sound when these words are spoken help set the theme of a pointless death in war. This coupled with the present participle, ing make the poem powerful to the reader showing that the scene is not in the past, its happening now, putting the reader at the scene of the horror and illustrates the urgency and death of the battlefield. Owen used this to convey his message to the home front, to show the effects of war through the harshness of his language, depicted with the loss of innocent life within our society. Owen uses onomatopoeia in Anthem through stuttering rifles rapid rattle this line demonstrates the continuing slaughter of men. The use of the word rapid infers not only the speed of the guns but the speed of which lives are being taken away. The use of onomatopoeia is also used in conjunction with alliteration in the rifles rapid rattle. This line depicts the sound of the guns. Also how the line not easily orated, and this implies that it is a hard time, a time of disparity. The sounds of guns fire also replaces the grieving people you would normally find when a death occurs. Owen significantly changes the audiences opinion of the war showing that there is no time to grieve when people are dying quicker than a gun can fire. Through the use of harsh consonants in his language, Owen conveys his message of hardship for soldiers during war, the loss of innocent lives, the reality of the battlefield and the horror and savagery of war. In conclusion Wilfred Owen uses many complex themes that show the world the significant horrors of war, major losses of war and the disparity of the battlefield and the effects of war at home. Throughout Dulce et Decorum Est and Anthem for Doomed Youth Owen has shown several techniques to justify his arguments to the audience and what has just been illustrated to you. Based on the crux of the arguments presented, I trust that Wilfred Owen will be included into the War Poets Hall of Fame.

Samuel Adams, Revolutionary Activist and Philosopher

Samuel Adams, Revolutionary Activist and Philosopher Samuel Adams (September 16, 1722–October 2, 1803) played an important philosophical and activist role in early advocating the independence of the North American British colonies, and the eventual founding of the new United States. Fast Facts: Samuel Adams Known For: Important activist, philosopher, and writer during the American Revolution against Great BritainBorn: September 16, 1722 in Boston, MassachusettsParents: Samuel and Mary Fifield AdamsDied:  October 2, 1803 in BostonEducation: Boston Latin School and Harvard CollegeSpouse(s): Elizabeth Checkley (m. 1749–1757); Elizabeth (Betsey) Wells (m. 1764–his death)Children: Six children with Elizabeth Checkley: Samuel (1750–1750), Samuel (born 1751), Joseph, (1753–1753), Mary (1754–1754), Hannah, (b. 1756), stillborn son (1757) Early Life Samuel Adams was born on September 27, 1722, in Boston, Massachusetts, the eldest surviving son of 12 children born to Samuel (1689–1748) and Mary Fifield Adams: only Samuel, Mary (b. 1717), and Joseph (b. 1728) survived to adulthood. Samuel Adams, Sr., was a merchant, a popular Whig Party leader, and the Deacon of the local Congregational Church, where he was known as Deacon Adams. Deacon Adams was one of 89 grandchildren of the Puritan colonist Henry Adams, who left Somersetshire in England for Braintree (later renamed Quincy), Massachusetts in 1638- Sam Adams cousins included John Adams, who would become U.S. president in 1796. Mary Fifield was the daughter of a local businessman in Boston, a devout woman with an artistic bent. The Adams family early grew prosperous, building a large house on Purchase Street in Boston, where Samuel Adams and his siblings grew up. Deacon Adams was a huge influence on Samuel Adams life. In 1739, he was chosen to help draft legislative instructions for the Massachusetts colonys general assembly and became a formidable political force in the Whig party, serving as a representative to the provincial assembly. Together, Deacon Adams and his son fought a battle with the Royal government over a land bank scheme that lasted a decade after the Deacons death. The elder Adams had been part of the creation of a bank to assist farmers and business people get started. The colonial government rejected his right to do such a thing, and over the next two decades, it fought father and son to take possession of their property and businesses as recompense. Education Adams attended Boston Latin School and then entered Harvard College in 1736 at the age of 14. He started out studying theology but found his interests swinging towards politics. He received his bachelors and masters degrees from Harvard in 1740 and 1743, respectively. After graduation, Adams tried numerous businesses, including one he started on his own. However, he was never successful as a commercial businessman- his father saw that Sam had a growing dislike for authority of any kind. In 1748, Samuel Adams did find a direction: he and his friends formed a club to debate issues and launch a publication to shape public opinion called The Public Advertiser, in which Adams exercised his considerable persuasive writing skills. That same year, his father died. Adams took over his fathers business enterprise and turned to the part-time career that he would enjoy for the rest of his life: politics. Marriage and Early Political Career Adams married Elizabeth Checkley, the daughter of the pastor of the Congregational Church in 1749. Together they had six children, but all but Samuel (born 1751) and Hannah (born 1756) died as infants. In 1756, Samuel Adams became one of Bostons tax collectors, a position he would keep for almost 12 years. He was not the most diligent in his career as a tax collector, but instead continued and increased his writing and activism, quickly becoming a leader in Bostons politics. He became involved in numerous informal political organizations that had a large control over town meetings and local politics. On July 25, 1757, his wife Elizabeth died, giving birth to their last child, a stillborn son. Adams remarried on December 6, 1764, to Elizabeth (Betsey) Wells; his first wifes father officiated. Agitation Against the British After the French and Indian War that ended in 1763, Great Britain increased taxes in the American colonies to pay for the costs that they had incurred for fighting in and defending them. Adams strenuously opposed three tax measures in particular: the Sugar Act of 1764, the Stamp Act of 1765, and the Townshend Duties of 1767. He believed that as the British government increased its taxes and duties, it was reducing the individual liberties of the colonists, which in turn would lead to even greater tyranny. Adams held two key political positions that helped him in his fight against the British: he was the clerk of both the Boston town meeting and the Massachusetts House of Representatives. Through these positions, he was able to draft petitions, resolutions, and letters of protest. He argued that since the colonists were not represented in Parliament, they were being taxed without their consent. Thus the rallying cry, No taxation without representation. Taxes and Tea Parties Adams main suggestion for political action against the British was that the colonists should boycott English imports and hold public demonstrations. Although mob violence was common in the early days of the revolution, Samuel Adams never supported the use of violence against the British as a means of protest and supported the fair trial of the soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre. In 1772, Adams helped found a committee meant to unite Massachusetts towns against the British, which he later expanded to other colonies. In 1773, the British passed the Tea Act, which was not a tax and would have resulted in lower prices on tea. However, it was meant to aid the East India Company by allowing it to bypass the English import tax and sell through merchants it selected. Adams felt that this was just a ploy to get colonists to accept the Townshend duties that were still in place. On December 16, 1773, Adams spoke at a town meeting against the Act. That evening, dozens of men dressed as Native Americans boarded three tea importing ships that sat in Boston Harbor and threw the tea overboard, an act destined to be called the Boston Tea Party. The Intolerable Acts The British responded to the Tea Party by closing down the port of Boston, cutting off the lifeblood of trade to the citys economy. Some British lawmakers such as Edmund Burke, a member of the House of Commons, warned it would be counterproductive, that instead they should focus their anger at the guilty persons: John Hancock and Samuel Adams. But instead of punishing Adams and Hancock directly, the British government passed what would become known as the Coercive Acts or, more tellingly, the Intolerable Acts. In addition to the Boston Port Act, which itself included the limiting of town meetings to one a year, the government passed the Impartial Administration of Justice Act, that said that the Massachusetts governor should send government officials accused of capital crimes to England. The Quartering Act allowed British troops to use the colonists buildings as military barracks. Rather than intimidating or deterring him, Adams saw this as further evidence that the British would continue to limit the colonists liberty, and he counseled a hard line against King George III and his government. Representative Adams On May 3, 1774, Boston held its annual meeting to elect representatives to the Massachusetts House: Adams won 535 of the 536 votes cast and was named the moderator of the Town Meeting. They met again three days later and adopted a resolution calling for unity with the other colonies in a boycott and embargo of Britain in protest of the Boston Port Act. Paul Revere was sent out with a letter to the southern colonies.   On May 16, a March 31 report from London reached Boston: a ship had sailed with orders to bring Adams and Hancock back to England in irons. On the 25, the Massachusetts House of Representatives met in Boston and unanimously elected Samuel Adams as clerk. The Governor, General Gage, ordered the House adjourned until June 7 and moved to Salem, but instead, the House met on September 1, 1774, in Philadelphia: the first Continental Congress. Continental Congresses In September 1774, Samuel Adams became one of the delegates at the First Continental Congress held in Philadelphia, and his role included assisting with the draft of the Declaration of Rights. In April 1775, Adams, along with John Hancock, was finally a target of the British army advancing on Lexington. They escaped, however, when Paul Revere famously warned them. In May 1775, the Second Continental Congress was held, but Sam Adams did not hold a public role. Instead, he was part of the Massachusetts ratifying convention for the U.S. Constitution and helped write the Massachusetts state constitution. Although his eloquent written and oral support for the revolution continued to be heard, Adams role in the Continental Congress was primarily military: he served on several committees for military defense and armaments, and those for assessing the colonies defensive needs. That was his choice: he felt the importance of being prepared for the eventual war. Once hostilities began, he struggled to convince everyone that reconciliation was a delusion leading directly to destruction. Once the Declaration of Independence was made, Adams continued to work tirelessly as a leader for military activities, to gain foreign aid, and to get the machinery of government in order and functioning. In 1781, even though the final battle had not yet been won, he retired from Congress. Legacy and Death Adams had not given up on politics, however. He lost a highly contested bid for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1788, but when John Hancock ran for Massachusetts governor the following year, he agreed to run as Hancocks lieutenant. The pair was elected. Adams served as Hancocks lieutenant governor for four years and when Hancock died in 1793, he ascended to the governors chair. During the late 1790s, those in the U.S. government were divided into federalists, those who preferred a strong central government, and Republicans, who did not. As a republican-minded governor in a federalist state, Adams could see that at least for the moment, the federalists were winning out. When Samuels federalist cousin John Adams won the presidency, Adams retired from public life. Samuel Adams died on October 2, 1803, in Boston. Sources Alexander, John K. Samuel Adams: Americas Revolutionary Politician. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman Littlefield, 2002.Irvin, Benjamin H. Samuel Adams: Son of Liberty, Father of Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.Puls, Mark. Samuel Adams: Father of the American Revolution. New York: St. Martins Press, 2006.Stoll, Ira. Samuel Adams: A Life. New York: Free Press (Simon Schuster), 2008.

A Comparison of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Abortion

A Comparison of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Abortion Abstract The topic of abortion has been a controversial subject for many years. The people for or against it have split into two groups, pro- life and pro-choice. The main topic of discussion about this is when does life begin and when is it appropriate for abortion to be done, if it is appropriate or okay at any time at all. There has been many facts and reasons for why or why not abortion should be done. These will be found in the following paper. Keywords: pro life, pro choice, abortion. Pro Life vs Pro Choice: When does life begin? The debate over whether or not abortion should be a legal option continues to divide many Americans, even after the US Supreme Court’s ruling declaring that abortion is a fundamental right† for women nationwide. People that agree with this, referred to as pro-choice, believe that abortion is a right that should not be limited by the government or any religious authority. They also say that pregnant women with unwanted pregnancies will succumb to unsafe illegal abortions if there is no legal option available to them (Should Abortion, 2013). People against this identifying themselves as pro-life, saying that ‘personhood’ begins at conception, thus meaning abortion is the immoral killing of an innocent human being. It is also said by â€Å"pro-lifers† that abortion inflicts suffering on the unborn child, and also that it isn’t fair to allow abortion when couples who cannot biologically conceive are waiting to adopt (Head, 2013). It has been said in many articles that abortion is wrong, and all of them give ideally the same reasons as said before. One article in particular however shows the change of a person from pro-choice, to pro-life. It tells the story of a pro-choice medical student that after his experience of witnessing an abortion quickly changed his opinion on the matter. Terzo’s witness of the abortion was following (2013): When I entered the operating room, it felt like any other I had ever been in. On the table in front of me, I saw a woman, legs up as if delivering a child although she was asleep. Next to her was a tray of instruments for the abortion and a vacuum machine for suctioning the fetal tissues from the uterus. The doctors put on their gowns and masks and the procedure began. The cervix was held open with a crude metal instrument and a large transparent tube was stuck inside of the woman. Within a matter of seconds, the machine’s motor was engaged and blood, tissue, and tiny organs were pulled out of their environment into a filter. A minute later, the vacuum choked to a halt. The tube was removed, and stuck to the end was a small body and a head attached haphazardly to it, what was formed of the neck snapped. The ribs had formed with a thin skin covering them, the eyes had formed, and the inner organs had begun to function. The tiny heart of the fetus, obviously a little boy, had ju st stopped — forever. The vacuum filter was opened, and the tiny arms and legs that had been torn off of the fetus were accounted for. The fingers and toes had the beginnings of their nails on them. The doctors, proud of their work, reassembled the body to show me. Tears welled up in my eyes as they removed the baby boy from the table and shoved his body into a container for disposal. He goes on saying that most people who are pro-choice as he was before, are only pro choice because they do not know what is happening in that operating room, and if they did they would most certainly become pro-life, if not in it’s entirety, then simply in the abortion aspect of it. There is another article that give insight into the argument of â€Å"when does life really begin?† It was said that even pro choice philosophers agree that life begins at fertilization. According to Wilcox (2013), â€Å"They grow through cellular reproduction and division, they metabolize food for energy, and they respond to stimuli. In fact, the only thing the unborn need to survive are adequate nutrition, a proper environment, and an absence of fatal threats. That’s all any of us need. There is no point in human development at which the developing entity goes from non-life to living†. The artcle continues to state that since life does begin at fertilization that abortion is the immoral killing of human beings and should not be legal. My reaction to this simply, why does it affect them? Whether it is their moral belief, philosophical belief, or scientific belief, the actions of others outside their immediate group or family will most likely not affect them. To me it almost as if they are trying to push their moral belief on someone and persuade everyone to believe what they believe, this cannot always happen. Who gives someone the right to tell someone whether or not they can legally decide to bring a life into the world, the government? Why is the government revisiting an issue that was seemingly resolved before in another case? Is this an attempt to even further control the population? I am asking these questions because it is literally impossible to have everyone be happy, even in a compromise, both parties is not totally getting what they wanted. So, in my opinion, I think that the lawfulness of abortion should be left alone. It has been working fine, and although everyone is not happy, it is too controversial of a subject that should not be touched again.

Economics of Shipping Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Economics of Shipping - Essay Example This paper deals with how different factors affect bulk carrier's demand and supply and how Baltic Dry Index be used to predict the demand and supply of Dry Bulk Carrier for next three months. This paper also describes how recent global economic recession has caused decrease in steel production and thus decreases in global demand for iron, coal and minor bulk commodities and how this has affected the demand for bulk carriers. The paper also deals with industry specific risk factors and how they can affect the earnings of the companies supplying bulk carriers. A bulk carrier is a merchant ship that is used to transport bulk cargo that is not packaged such as coal, ore and grains. The ship usually carries cargo in its cargo holds. It is a ship in which the cargo is carried as bulk. The bulk carriers were first made in 1852 but with time, the economic forces caused these ships to become more sophisticated and caused them to increase in size. There are two types of bulk carriers, wet bulk carrier and dry bulk carrier. The bulk carriers are dominating merchant ships. In terms of tonnage they comprise about one third of total world's fleet. So far the world's largest bulk carrier is able to carry about 365,000 metric tons of dead weight (DWT). The bulk carriers are divided into six main categories: small, handy size, handy max, panamex, capsize, very large bulk carrier (VLBC) (MAN Diesel Group, 2005, p. 3-4. ). Small bulk carriers have capacity of about 10,000 DWT and mini bulk carriers are most popular amongst them. They have a capacity of about 500 to 2000 tons and are usually used for river transport. Such ships easily pass under bridges and they have small crew. Handymax and Handy size have a capacity of more than 10,000 DWT and these two represent about 71% of all bulk carriers. Handymax ships have a capacity of about 52,000 DWT and have about four holds to carry cargo. Panamax canal's lock chamber limits the size of Panamax vessels. And it can accommodate ships with beam of up to 32.31m, a length of overall of up to 294.13m, and a draft of up to 12.04m (Autoridad del Canal de Panam, 2005, pp. 11- 12) Capesize vessels are very large vessels and have capacity of about 20,000 DWT. They carry cargo mainly like coal and iron. Large capacity capesize ships are specially designed to carry iron. Baltic Dry Index Baltic Dry Index is based on Baltic Exchange. This index is means of providing prices of raw materials transported by sea (Baltic Exchange, 2009).. The Baltic Exchange is a membership organization and its member is at the heart of world trade. Every day brokers around the world want to know how much it would cost to transport cargo around the world. These indices are made by assessment of international broking companies. The bulk cargo market relies on the mutual agreement and cooperation of ship owners and brokers to ensure a smooth flow of business(Baltic Exchange, 2009).. It is a rule of Baltic Exchange that all members should follow a code of business and abide by the rules. In case any member fails to follow rules then the member is expelled. There are about five hundred companies and about two thousand people that are member of Baltic Exchange