A Report On The Royal Gazette - 1645 Words

The Royal Gazette Over the last few weeks there have been numerous breakouts of the Plague. It has infected over 1/2 of Europe s population and is still spreading! Death and disease are probably becoming familiar features in your life but luckily for you, health workers believe it’s almost over. New cures are reportedly found and believed to be successful. (Continued Page 2) New gossip comes to surface after a family moves town (See more Page 10) Are the Government doing enough to help us survive? (Find out on Page 6) Symptoms of the Plague Signs and symptoms include black lumps occurring underneath arms and on the groin (see above). Signs of infection will occur in around 1-5 days after infection. If these†¦show more content†¦- Carry pockets of sweet-smelling herbs. -Some people are saying that the best cure for the Plague is to digest one whole spoon full of finely crushed emeralds. -Let leeches suck you dry. The last cure mentioned appeared to be successful for one man named Norwan Iron. He reported to a Plague doctor what he had discovered and Sir Rowan Black has said that it is a very successful cure. How some people are dealing with the Plague? Religion and other methods Many people have turned to different solutions in this horrid time of need. While many people have followed Hippocratic advice and fled, others wait. The Plague - being the will of God is to be endured and fleeing is prohibited. Others are turned to religion for protection from death. People are forming themselves into wandering groups of penitents (someone who seeks forgiveness from God). They have been travelling from town to town, ritually beating themselves in public acts of shame to a God who is evidently very angry. Violence is also taking place. Groups of people are attempting kill anyone who is suspected of carrying the plague. A public health response to the Black Death: Creating Cures In a desperate attempt to survive the Plague, people are coming up with numerous Plague ‘cures’. Strapping live chickens around Plague infected areas or drinking medicines mixed with mercury or arsenic in attempts to save themselves. Very few doctors are agreeing with

Computer Role in Entertainment the Arts Free Essays

Computer Role in Entertainment the Arts How will my leisure activities be affected by information technology? Information technology is being used for all kinds of entertainment, ranging from video games to telegambling. It is also being used in the arts, from painting to photography. Let’s consider just two examples, music and film. We will write a custom essay sample on Computer Role in Entertainment the Arts or any similar topic only for you Order Now Computers, the internet, and the World Wide Web are standing the system of music recording and distribution on its head and in the process are changing the financial underpinnings of the music industry. Because of their high overhead, major record labels typically need a band to sell half a million CDs in order to be profitable, but independent bands, using online marketing, can be reasonably successful selling 20,000 or 30,000 albums. Team Love, a small music label established in 2003, found it could promote its first two bands, Tilly and the Wall and Willy Mason, by offering songs online free for (Dowloading—transferring data from a remote computer to one’s own computer—so that people could listen to them before paying $12 for a CD. It also puts videos online for sharing and uses quirky websites to reach fans. â€Å"There’s something exponential going on,† says one of Team Love’s founders. â€Å"The more music that’s downloaded, the more it sells. â€Å"‘† Many independent musicians are also using the internet to get their music heard, hoping that giving away songs will help them build audiences/*4 The web also offers sources for instantly downloadable sheet music. One research engineer has devised a computerized scoring system for judging musical competitions that overcomes the traditional human-jury approach, which can he swayed by personalities and. olyphonicHMI and a Spanish company, PolyphonicHMI, has created Hit Song Science software, which they say can analyze the hit potential of new songs by, according to one description, â€Å"reference to a finely parsed universe of attributes derived from millions of past songs. † As for movies, now that blockbuster mo vies routinely meld live action, and animation, computer artists are in big demand. The 1999 film Star Wars: Episode /, for instance, had fully 1,965 digital shots out of about 2,200 shots. Even when film was used, it was scanned into computers to be tweaked with animated effects, lighting, and the like. Entire beings were created on computers by artists working on designs developed by producer George Lucas and his chief artist. computers as a source of entertainment as well as amusement Answer The sources of entertainment has evolved down the ages. But human beings search for entertainment and things that could amuse him or her has been existing since time immemorial. One of the latest form of entertainment for the present civilization is computers. With inbuilt and loaded computer games, availability of softwares which allow you to paint, listen to music, watch videos, movies and also allow you to create music or videos or movies; computer has really become a major source of entertainment for the people who are computer savvy or at least computer literate. Other than this, the obvious source of entertainment on computers is the internet which not just connects you to the rest of the world but also allows you to find your amusement right at home. Chat rooms allow us to connect with like minded people and discuss with them about our favourite topics. Messengers also allow us to connect to your friends across the world and talk to them. Websites which carry news and other matters related to entertainment become a major source. Online games allow us to play with other people who have access to that game in a virtual world, while we are all seated in our own room in front of our PCs. Innumerable examples of internet as an entertainment source can be quoted. Now with Microsoft and Google promising to built the complete virtual structures of any city in the world on the internet, people would not have to travel to those people on holidays in order to explore and enjoy the city. They just have to log on to the Google World or the Microsoft site and explore the city online where they can walk down the streets enter buildings and even make purchase while they are gossiping about the prices with the other customers in the shops. Now can there be any doubt that computers are a main source of entertainment and amusement in this generation? Computer Games Entertainment The computer games and entertainment business is a fast growing multi-billion dollar worldwide business, with games platforms ranging from Playstation 3, Xbox 360, Nintendo Wii, mobile and handhelds including iPhone, iPad and Android phones, PC-based, and massively multiplayer online games (MMOG) involving tens of thousands of people. With ongoing strong demand for graduate computer games programmers from the UK and abroad, this MSc will produce graduates who are well positioned to get a job in this exciting worldwide industry. Potential employers include EA, Ubisoft, Sony, Activision, Microsoft, Cinesite, Framestore, and many more. In a wider sense, the influence of computer games programming is spreading to other digital media industries outside games, as seen in products such as Second Life, Habbo Hotel and Bebo, or as seen in other entertainment industries such as special effects for television, videos and movies. Computer games are starting to fundamentally change the way people interact with computerised systems. Computers isn’t limited to the areas where we most expect to find it such as business and industry. It’s also being widely used in entertainment and arts world. These are almost as Sports: If there is a perfect way to pitch a ball, execute a spin on the ice, or take off from a ski jump, computers can find it. By analyzing the motions of the best athletes, sports trainers and kinetic specialists establish profiles. Other athletes can compare themselves to those profiles and try to improve their own styles and moves. Thus computer can be taken as a crucial element now in entertainment ndustry, with more and more multimedia content being planned, and built many applications as there are entertainers and artists. People look forward to the entertainment for recreation, so that they can reduce their stress and strains of their complex machine like schedules. All our traditional entertainment utilities like music, movies, sports, games, etc. are now affected by IT, one can ha ve all these services, sitting at home and enjoying themselves. Computers are used in entertainment to create or enhance a production or performance. The tools have become so sophisticated that it’s becoming almost impossible to distinguish between the real and the artificial in the film and the photography. Movies: If you have seen Titanic, matrix, Jurassic Park or cartoons on any TV channel, can you question the importance of Computers in the film industry? With the aid of sophisticated graphics and animation packages the special effect technicians can create any illusion. Computers help in improving productivity by automating time consuming, repetitive and monotonous processes. They give the movie makers a lot by giving them the power to create the kind of special effects they want. Computers are widely used to create special effects in Big Budget movies. They are also extensively used behind the scenes to edit film during the production process. Scanners are generally used to help create complex twisting motions. New movies are developed using computer graphics, animations etc. which resemble real life events, thus reducing cost as well as time involved in the making of such movies. Music: The use of technology in the world of music is an unavoidable fact. Any musical composition that we hear today goes through a technological process at some point. Music allows you to edit recorded music or even create your own. With the computer connected to a stereo or synthesizer, you can be your own composer and audience. Both artist and sound engineers are finding novel applications for computer in their work. There are lot of Music Composition languages that provide ways to create music on a computer   some are Music, Symbolic, Composer, Fugue and so on which run on different platforms. Animations: In earlier days, Bugs and Bunny, the road Runner, were laboriously hand drawn in the hundred of the thousands of frame needed for each cartoon but now computers are doing much of the repetitions work. The computer can create outer space, alien characters, and extinct-animals and so on without the need of creating their physical models. The filmmaker then integrates these backgrounds and characters with   the real characters seamlessly. Example is Jurassic Park. . How to cite Computer Role in Entertainment the Arts, Essay examples

Railroads Effect Chicago Essay Example For Students

Railroads Effect Chicago Essay annonThe nation network of railroads laid from 1848 through the Civil War, andthe steam powered locomotives that traversed them, supplied Chicago withvast new markets, resources, and people who quickly transformed it from aquiet Frontier village into a highly populated industrial powerhouse. TheChicago of 1830 was hardly a city at all. Fort Dearborn located near thefork of what is now the Chicago River was bogged down with mud andtormented by disease and Indian wars. By the 1833 when the city wasincorporated, a warehouse, dry goods store, and hotel had all been built. William B. Ogden, the first mayor of Chicago was also the first to attemptto give Chicago a railroad. He chartered the Galena and Chicago Railroadin 1836, but it collapsed with the economic disaster of 1837 (Berger 3). Ogden tried again in 1846, and on October 22, 1848 Chicagos firstlocomotive, Pioneer, was loaded onto the tracks (Casey, Douglas 59). Inretrospect, Pioneer turned out to be a fitting name for the citys firsttrain, because by 1866 there were more than forty railroads servingChicago and the citys population had skyrocketed to just under 300,000. There were many problems that needed to be resolved starting in the 1830s,before a railroad could become a versatile enough to be a cost effectivecarrier of freight and people. The nations original tracks had beenbuilt mainly of wood, although cheaper than iron, it was quickly decidedthat irons durability was well worth the extra cost. Another developmentwas the placement of ballas, or pebbles, that covered the bottom of thetracks and added weight and stability along with drainage to the tracks. Also, the trains were known to collide head on into grazing animals. Theproblem lay in how to keep the animal from being pulled under the trainand causing it to derail. This answer came with the placement of a hoodplate on the front of the locomotive so that whatever hit the train wouldbe pushed harmlessly in front of it and could later be cleared withoutendangering the train. Other major safety issues found solutions with theutilization of lights and horns (Gordon 27-33). By 1848, when Chicago wasready to start building railroads, the technology had already beendeveloped enough to conduct real business. Charters for railroads leading to Chicago soon began to pour in. After the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad was completed shortly after1853, it merged with the Chicago and Northwestern Railway which began itslong march to Greenbay WI. Soon came the Illinois Central, the ChicagoRock Island and Pacific, and the Chicago Burlington and Quincy. Many morecame and connected Chicago to nearly every part of the US (Gordon 151). If one looked at a map of all the major trunk lines that stretched overthe United States, he would see a wheel with Chicago as the hub (Berger22). The busy development of all these new railroads furnished thedeveloping Chicago with huge markets, to both the east and the west. Chicagos destiny as center of industry was set, but it would still takesome time for Chicago to take advantage of its potential. The first of the markets was the ever-expanding frontier with itsagricultural surplus that lay to the west and north of Chicago. In thefrontier, a towns distance from a railroad determined what its cost fortrade and travel would be. To minimize these costs, new cities and farmspopped up very close to the railroads (Martin 81). Train loads of NewEnglanders came to these new villages in search of the free homesteadsthat they saw in newspaper advertisements and pamphlets back home. Thesemen and women became the farmers who ended up producing surplus cropswhich they desired to sell (Gordon 35). According to Mayer, as theylooked for their most profitable course of action, their goal was adestination with the most choices of routes, the highest competition, andtherefore the lowest rates (Growth 122). With connections to many of thenations railways, Chicago marked the spot to the farmers of the West. Chicago was the perfect outlet to sell their heavy and relativelyinexpensive crops. The railroads in Chicago had laid the foundation forits success limited only to the ingenuity of the capitalistic market. To the east lay Chicagos second market, New England. By the1850s, this region was industrialized and was producing vast quantities ofmanufactured goods. Facing much the same dilemma as the West, New Englandrealized that Chicago was a perfect spot to export its goods. A majorityof these manufactured goods was through traffic for Chicago and aftera short layover was loaded onto other trains to continue on west (Casey,Douglas 122). These manufactured goods included building materials,industrial tools, and hardware. Liking what they saw, the frontierfarmers became increasingly enticed to send their wheat, hay, cement,lumber and wool to Chicago in exchange for money they spent purchasinggoods from back east. So began a cycle of trade between the East and Weston railroads that all went via Chicago. Snake By Lawrence EssayUntil the refrigerator car was developed in 1869, butchered hogs wereusually packed into wooden barrels to cure and then sent abroad aboardnumerous train lines. After 1869, meat-packers such as Gustavus Swiftrevolutionized the meat industry by sending fresh meat across the nationover rail (Stover 200). Beside the actual meat, many by-products soondeveloped large markets of their own (Growth 52). One worker at Armourswas interviewed and exageratingly said a cow goes lowin softy in andcomes out glue, gelatine, fertylizer, celoolid, joolry, sofy cushions,hair restorer, washin sody, soap, and bed springs (Qtd. In Growth54). The railroads in Chicago increased the numbers of factories,elevators, mills, and depots. As Chicago continued to develop, itsexpanding population would have to find new places, outside of downtown,to live. The first to leave were the rich. These were the men who sawlight at the end of the tunnel, the railroad tunnel to be precise. Theyopened their own businesses profiting on the production of new rawresources that Chicago received as freight aboard trains. The mansions ofMarshall Field and Phillip Armour were the first on the South Side whilethe West Side also provided new land for wealthy merchants, lumberdealers, and manufacturers to build their homes. The North Side founditself more isolated from the city as the river was always difficult tocross due to the constant use of the numerous draw- bridges. Because ofthe obstacle north of the North Branch of the Chicago River did notattract many buyers and therefore retained an aristocratic aura to it(Port 137). As Chicago grew into the new role as a commodities center, astrong middle-class of shopkeepers, speculators along with doctors,lawyers, and skilled artisans developed. These people lived in growingcommunities of single-family homes on the outskirts of betterneighborhoods (Berger 66). Also much of the middle-class migrated to thenewly developing suburbs which popped up like beads around a string on therailroad lines leaving the city (Martin 67). The railroads provideddepots and daily passenger service that allowed these people to commuteinto the city to their jobs. The Chicago and Northwestern Railway, withits main line of 242 miles from Chicago to Greenbay was the route thatallowed Northern suburbs from Evanston to Lake Forest to become part ofthe greater metropolitan Chicago. The working class, Chicagos bluecollared labor supply, was also growing at a very fast rate. A portion ofthe working poor initially came to work on the railroads and decided tostay. Many were immigrants new to the country, while others had traveledto Chicago in hopes of cashing in on its success. These men were thelongshoremen who unloaded cargo from trains, the warehousemen who movedthe grain to elevators, and the millers who ground the wheat down to flour(Casey, Douglas 342). What they all shared were the avenues or thesmall lots where several families live together i n houses no bigger thanfour rooms (Growth 54). Many of the streets remained littered andunpaved, and the mortality rate was very high. At such close quarters,different ethnic neighborhoods began to form. In the mix of their harshenvironment, close knit communities of Irish, German, Indians, Blacks,Jews, Poles, and Swedes all were formed. In approximately twenty yearsfrom the arrival of trains, Chicago found itself the forefront of industryand the second most populated city in the country. The train along withthe need of the country for a central trade route had allowed Chicago toform industries which continued to exist solely because of the continuoussupport they received from the railroads. Chicago and the people who madefortunes from industry located within Chicago had a lot for which to thankthe railroads. Like the locomotives successful ascent of a mountain inthe story of the Little Engine that Could, so did the little village ofChicago grow to the top of the nation. WORKS CITEDBerger, L. Miles. They Built Chicago: Entrepreneurs Who Shaped a GreatCitys Architecture. Chicago: Bonus Book, Inc., 1992. 1-6. Gordon, H. Sarah. Passage To Union: How the Railroads Transformed AmericanLife. Chicago:Ivan R. Dee, Inc., 1996. Martin, Albro. Railroads Triumphant. New York: Oxford University P, 1992. Mayer, M. Harold. Chicago: Growth of a Metropolis. Chicago: The Universityof Chicago P, 1969. . The Port of Chicago. Chicago: The University of Chicago P, 1957. Casey, J. Robert, and W.A.S Douglas. Pioneer Railroad: The Story of theChicago and Northwestern System. New York: Whittlesey House, Inc., 1948. Rail Center of the Nation. World Book Encyclopedia. 1959 ed. Stover, F. John. History of the Illinois Central Railroad. New York:Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975.

Pointless death in war Essay Example

Pointless death in war Essay Good Evening/Morning Teachers and fellow students, today is the day that marks Wilfred Owens Inclusion into the War Poets Hall of Fame. Owens poetry was different to that of some other types of war poets of his time because he was courageous enough to make his attacks on the government and the significant loss of life. His Ideas and techniques are presented throughout the two poems Dulce et Decorum Est and Anthem for Doomed Youth. Owen explores the truths of war in these poems through themes such as; war as the horrific and savage scene it is, the disparity between reality of the battlefield and the perception of what war is at home. Owen shows the devastation of war on the human being and soul, not only the physical but the mental effects of war. The soldiers are influenced by government propaganda, they are told to die for their country; the betrayal, conspiracy and devastating loss of innocent youth. Owen is able to portray these truths through his powerful poetry. Throughout his poems he uses allusions, guttural consonants, onomatopoeia and other techniques to create powerful messages that war is, to quote Owen himself, to hell and back. We will write a custom essay sample on Pointless death in war specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pointless death in war specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pointless death in war specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Dulce et Decorum Est brings the realisation that war is not as it is portrayed to the public, but the allusion that the government gives to the country. This is shown through the title Dulce et Decorum Est. This title means that it is sweet and honorable to die for ones country this allusion throughout the poem shows through irony and sarcasm that it is the The old Lie; Dulce et Decorum est Pro patria mori. This shows how war is everything but sweet and honorable it is about the death and horror brought into peoples lives. War equals death. The description of the soldier drowning in the blood of his froth corrupted lungs certainly negates this. Owen shows the unknown fact that men are dying for their country in a horrible way. Owen is hiding it in another language, just as the government was hiding the truth from their country, letting people kill themselves. This is very different to the poets during Owens time, as he was not glorifying war, but exposing the devastating affect war had on humankind. This is used in conjunction with the disparity between war on the battlefront and the corruption of the perception of a courageous and glorious place to be. In the poem Anthem for Doomed Youth, Owen illustrates his theme of the devastating loss of youth. The title to brings to mind the hope of a song of praise, but Owen uses this to his advantage. He emphasises his theme through the words Anthem, Doomed Youth in the title of the poem are juxtaposed to highlight the brutality reality of war. The word Youth normally brings to mind happiness and joy. Owen places Youth next to the word Doomed which illustrates to the audience the stress and hopelessness of the youth during war. The word Anthem usually associates with a patriotic song or song of praise, Owen draws to mind the fact that these boys have nothing to sing about during the chaos of war. Owen effects the thoughts and feelings of people that have not experienced war for what it is, the major loss of innocent lives. Owen shows the significance of his poetry through the title, giving the audience a sense of feeling for the poem. Owen uses visual representations in Dulce to show the mental and physical effects on the soldiers going through the punishment of war and how this changes the young soldiers. The harshness of the simile bent double like old beggars illustrates how the soldiers look, showing them as crestfallen and disheartened, bent. This is not how soldiers are normally depicted they should have their heads held high and marching tall. Owen shows how the young men of war have now become old beggars; they have aged and are begging for their lives; lives that may be taken away from them at any time. This along with an ecstasy of fumbling shows the urgent need for the salvation of ones life. The ecstasy of fumbling to put on their gas masks shows the audience how the soldiers have been forced into the bent and begging state to save their lives. The soldiers are beyond exhaustion, they have to find the energy to put on their gas mask or they will face death. The innocence of youth has been lost. Some have lost their lives; others have lost their mental state. Owen also shows the mental effects on the young soldiers as they are killed and thrown away to die through the poem Anthem for Doomed Youth. Owens main theme is the fact that the young soldiers do not get the proper funeral they deserve. The opening line What passing bells for those who die as cattle? the use of this rhetorical question illustrates numbers of soldiers massacred as if they were cattle, shredding the blood of youth, their pain, and death in large numbers. Owen uses onomatopoeia and personification in the bombs to represent the harshness of the battlefield, as the soldiers had to endure the sounds of wailing shells as they brutally diminish the soldiers mind. Owen compares the funeral at home compared to the funeral on the battlefield. The holy glimmers interpreted as tears, in the eyes of the soldiers, and funeral bells are replaced with the sounds of weapons firing. Owen shows that during war soldiers deaths are seen to be insignificant. Owen shows the insignificance of human life and the mental horrors as young men are brought to tears, the devastation of war and the savage mean to kill people. The use of Guttural consonants throughout Owens poem Dulce et Decorum Est are shown through words such as guttering, choking, drowning the use of t k and d emphasise the harshness of war. These words describe how a young soldier is dies in war; there is nothing smooth and flowing about the death of a soldier. It tells of the death of a young soldier just because he wasnt quick enough to put on his gas mask. The harsh sound when these words are spoken help set the theme of a pointless death in war. This coupled with the present participle, ing make the poem powerful to the reader showing that the scene is not in the past, its happening now, putting the reader at the scene of the horror and illustrates the urgency and death of the battlefield. Owen used this to convey his message to the home front, to show the effects of war through the harshness of his language, depicted with the loss of innocent life within our society. Owen uses onomatopoeia in Anthem through stuttering rifles rapid rattle this line demonstrates the continuing slaughter of men. The use of the word rapid infers not only the speed of the guns but the speed of which lives are being taken away. The use of onomatopoeia is also used in conjunction with alliteration in the rifles rapid rattle. This line depicts the sound of the guns. Also how the line not easily orated, and this implies that it is a hard time, a time of disparity. The sounds of guns fire also replaces the grieving people you would normally find when a death occurs. Owen significantly changes the audiences opinion of the war showing that there is no time to grieve when people are dying quicker than a gun can fire. Through the use of harsh consonants in his language, Owen conveys his message of hardship for soldiers during war, the loss of innocent lives, the reality of the battlefield and the horror and savagery of war. In conclusion Wilfred Owen uses many complex themes that show the world the significant horrors of war, major losses of war and the disparity of the battlefield and the effects of war at home. Throughout Dulce et Decorum Est and Anthem for Doomed Youth Owen has shown several techniques to justify his arguments to the audience and what has just been illustrated to you. Based on the crux of the arguments presented, I trust that Wilfred Owen will be included into the War Poets Hall of Fame.

Samuel Adams, Revolutionary Activist and Philosopher

Samuel Adams, Revolutionary Activist and Philosopher Samuel Adams (September 16, 1722–October 2, 1803) played an important philosophical and activist role in early advocating the independence of the North American British colonies, and the eventual founding of the new United States. Fast Facts: Samuel Adams Known For: Important activist, philosopher, and writer during the American Revolution against Great BritainBorn: September 16, 1722 in Boston, MassachusettsParents: Samuel and Mary Fifield AdamsDied:  October 2, 1803 in BostonEducation: Boston Latin School and Harvard CollegeSpouse(s): Elizabeth Checkley (m. 1749–1757); Elizabeth (Betsey) Wells (m. 1764–his death)Children: Six children with Elizabeth Checkley: Samuel (1750–1750), Samuel (born 1751), Joseph, (1753–1753), Mary (1754–1754), Hannah, (b. 1756), stillborn son (1757) Early Life Samuel Adams was born on September 27, 1722, in Boston, Massachusetts, the eldest surviving son of 12 children born to Samuel (1689–1748) and Mary Fifield Adams: only Samuel, Mary (b. 1717), and Joseph (b. 1728) survived to adulthood. Samuel Adams, Sr., was a merchant, a popular Whig Party leader, and the Deacon of the local Congregational Church, where he was known as Deacon Adams. Deacon Adams was one of 89 grandchildren of the Puritan colonist Henry Adams, who left Somersetshire in England for Braintree (later renamed Quincy), Massachusetts in 1638- Sam Adams cousins included John Adams, who would become U.S. president in 1796. Mary Fifield was the daughter of a local businessman in Boston, a devout woman with an artistic bent. The Adams family early grew prosperous, building a large house on Purchase Street in Boston, where Samuel Adams and his siblings grew up. Deacon Adams was a huge influence on Samuel Adams life. In 1739, he was chosen to help draft legislative instructions for the Massachusetts colonys general assembly and became a formidable political force in the Whig party, serving as a representative to the provincial assembly. Together, Deacon Adams and his son fought a battle with the Royal government over a land bank scheme that lasted a decade after the Deacons death. The elder Adams had been part of the creation of a bank to assist farmers and business people get started. The colonial government rejected his right to do such a thing, and over the next two decades, it fought father and son to take possession of their property and businesses as recompense. Education Adams attended Boston Latin School and then entered Harvard College in 1736 at the age of 14. He started out studying theology but found his interests swinging towards politics. He received his bachelors and masters degrees from Harvard in 1740 and 1743, respectively. After graduation, Adams tried numerous businesses, including one he started on his own. However, he was never successful as a commercial businessman- his father saw that Sam had a growing dislike for authority of any kind. In 1748, Samuel Adams did find a direction: he and his friends formed a club to debate issues and launch a publication to shape public opinion called The Public Advertiser, in which Adams exercised his considerable persuasive writing skills. That same year, his father died. Adams took over his fathers business enterprise and turned to the part-time career that he would enjoy for the rest of his life: politics. Marriage and Early Political Career Adams married Elizabeth Checkley, the daughter of the pastor of the Congregational Church in 1749. Together they had six children, but all but Samuel (born 1751) and Hannah (born 1756) died as infants. In 1756, Samuel Adams became one of Bostons tax collectors, a position he would keep for almost 12 years. He was not the most diligent in his career as a tax collector, but instead continued and increased his writing and activism, quickly becoming a leader in Bostons politics. He became involved in numerous informal political organizations that had a large control over town meetings and local politics. On July 25, 1757, his wife Elizabeth died, giving birth to their last child, a stillborn son. Adams remarried on December 6, 1764, to Elizabeth (Betsey) Wells; his first wifes father officiated. Agitation Against the British After the French and Indian War that ended in 1763, Great Britain increased taxes in the American colonies to pay for the costs that they had incurred for fighting in and defending them. Adams strenuously opposed three tax measures in particular: the Sugar Act of 1764, the Stamp Act of 1765, and the Townshend Duties of 1767. He believed that as the British government increased its taxes and duties, it was reducing the individual liberties of the colonists, which in turn would lead to even greater tyranny. Adams held two key political positions that helped him in his fight against the British: he was the clerk of both the Boston town meeting and the Massachusetts House of Representatives. Through these positions, he was able to draft petitions, resolutions, and letters of protest. He argued that since the colonists were not represented in Parliament, they were being taxed without their consent. Thus the rallying cry, No taxation without representation. Taxes and Tea Parties Adams main suggestion for political action against the British was that the colonists should boycott English imports and hold public demonstrations. Although mob violence was common in the early days of the revolution, Samuel Adams never supported the use of violence against the British as a means of protest and supported the fair trial of the soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre. In 1772, Adams helped found a committee meant to unite Massachusetts towns against the British, which he later expanded to other colonies. In 1773, the British passed the Tea Act, which was not a tax and would have resulted in lower prices on tea. However, it was meant to aid the East India Company by allowing it to bypass the English import tax and sell through merchants it selected. Adams felt that this was just a ploy to get colonists to accept the Townshend duties that were still in place. On December 16, 1773, Adams spoke at a town meeting against the Act. That evening, dozens of men dressed as Native Americans boarded three tea importing ships that sat in Boston Harbor and threw the tea overboard, an act destined to be called the Boston Tea Party. The Intolerable Acts The British responded to the Tea Party by closing down the port of Boston, cutting off the lifeblood of trade to the citys economy. Some British lawmakers such as Edmund Burke, a member of the House of Commons, warned it would be counterproductive, that instead they should focus their anger at the guilty persons: John Hancock and Samuel Adams. But instead of punishing Adams and Hancock directly, the British government passed what would become known as the Coercive Acts or, more tellingly, the Intolerable Acts. In addition to the Boston Port Act, which itself included the limiting of town meetings to one a year, the government passed the Impartial Administration of Justice Act, that said that the Massachusetts governor should send government officials accused of capital crimes to England. The Quartering Act allowed British troops to use the colonists buildings as military barracks. Rather than intimidating or deterring him, Adams saw this as further evidence that the British would continue to limit the colonists liberty, and he counseled a hard line against King George III and his government. Representative Adams On May 3, 1774, Boston held its annual meeting to elect representatives to the Massachusetts House: Adams won 535 of the 536 votes cast and was named the moderator of the Town Meeting. They met again three days later and adopted a resolution calling for unity with the other colonies in a boycott and embargo of Britain in protest of the Boston Port Act. Paul Revere was sent out with a letter to the southern colonies.   On May 16, a March 31 report from London reached Boston: a ship had sailed with orders to bring Adams and Hancock back to England in irons. On the 25, the Massachusetts House of Representatives met in Boston and unanimously elected Samuel Adams as clerk. The Governor, General Gage, ordered the House adjourned until June 7 and moved to Salem, but instead, the House met on September 1, 1774, in Philadelphia: the first Continental Congress. Continental Congresses In September 1774, Samuel Adams became one of the delegates at the First Continental Congress held in Philadelphia, and his role included assisting with the draft of the Declaration of Rights. In April 1775, Adams, along with John Hancock, was finally a target of the British army advancing on Lexington. They escaped, however, when Paul Revere famously warned them. In May 1775, the Second Continental Congress was held, but Sam Adams did not hold a public role. Instead, he was part of the Massachusetts ratifying convention for the U.S. Constitution and helped write the Massachusetts state constitution. Although his eloquent written and oral support for the revolution continued to be heard, Adams role in the Continental Congress was primarily military: he served on several committees for military defense and armaments, and those for assessing the colonies defensive needs. That was his choice: he felt the importance of being prepared for the eventual war. Once hostilities began, he struggled to convince everyone that reconciliation was a delusion leading directly to destruction. Once the Declaration of Independence was made, Adams continued to work tirelessly as a leader for military activities, to gain foreign aid, and to get the machinery of government in order and functioning. In 1781, even though the final battle had not yet been won, he retired from Congress. Legacy and Death Adams had not given up on politics, however. He lost a highly contested bid for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1788, but when John Hancock ran for Massachusetts governor the following year, he agreed to run as Hancocks lieutenant. The pair was elected. Adams served as Hancocks lieutenant governor for four years and when Hancock died in 1793, he ascended to the governors chair. During the late 1790s, those in the U.S. government were divided into federalists, those who preferred a strong central government, and Republicans, who did not. As a republican-minded governor in a federalist state, Adams could see that at least for the moment, the federalists were winning out. When Samuels federalist cousin John Adams won the presidency, Adams retired from public life. Samuel Adams died on October 2, 1803, in Boston. Sources Alexander, John K. Samuel Adams: Americas Revolutionary Politician. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman Littlefield, 2002.Irvin, Benjamin H. Samuel Adams: Son of Liberty, Father of Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.Puls, Mark. Samuel Adams: Father of the American Revolution. New York: St. Martins Press, 2006.Stoll, Ira. Samuel Adams: A Life. New York: Free Press (Simon Schuster), 2008.

A Comparison of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Abortion

A Comparison of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Abortion Abstract The topic of abortion has been a controversial subject for many years. The people for or against it have split into two groups, pro- life and pro-choice. The main topic of discussion about this is when does life begin and when is it appropriate for abortion to be done, if it is appropriate or okay at any time at all. There has been many facts and reasons for why or why not abortion should be done. These will be found in the following paper. Keywords: pro life, pro choice, abortion. Pro Life vs Pro Choice: When does life begin? The debate over whether or not abortion should be a legal option continues to divide many Americans, even after the US Supreme Court’s ruling declaring that abortion is a fundamental right† for women nationwide. People that agree with this, referred to as pro-choice, believe that abortion is a right that should not be limited by the government or any religious authority. They also say that pregnant women with unwanted pregnancies will succumb to unsafe illegal abortions if there is no legal option available to them (Should Abortion, 2013). People against this identifying themselves as pro-life, saying that ‘personhood’ begins at conception, thus meaning abortion is the immoral killing of an innocent human being. It is also said by â€Å"pro-lifers† that abortion inflicts suffering on the unborn child, and also that it isn’t fair to allow abortion when couples who cannot biologically conceive are waiting to adopt (Head, 2013). It has been said in many articles that abortion is wrong, and all of them give ideally the same reasons as said before. One article in particular however shows the change of a person from pro-choice, to pro-life. It tells the story of a pro-choice medical student that after his experience of witnessing an abortion quickly changed his opinion on the matter. Terzo’s witness of the abortion was following (2013): When I entered the operating room, it felt like any other I had ever been in. On the table in front of me, I saw a woman, legs up as if delivering a child although she was asleep. Next to her was a tray of instruments for the abortion and a vacuum machine for suctioning the fetal tissues from the uterus. The doctors put on their gowns and masks and the procedure began. The cervix was held open with a crude metal instrument and a large transparent tube was stuck inside of the woman. Within a matter of seconds, the machine’s motor was engaged and blood, tissue, and tiny organs were pulled out of their environment into a filter. A minute later, the vacuum choked to a halt. The tube was removed, and stuck to the end was a small body and a head attached haphazardly to it, what was formed of the neck snapped. The ribs had formed with a thin skin covering them, the eyes had formed, and the inner organs had begun to function. The tiny heart of the fetus, obviously a little boy, had ju st stopped — forever. The vacuum filter was opened, and the tiny arms and legs that had been torn off of the fetus were accounted for. The fingers and toes had the beginnings of their nails on them. The doctors, proud of their work, reassembled the body to show me. Tears welled up in my eyes as they removed the baby boy from the table and shoved his body into a container for disposal. He goes on saying that most people who are pro-choice as he was before, are only pro choice because they do not know what is happening in that operating room, and if they did they would most certainly become pro-life, if not in it’s entirety, then simply in the abortion aspect of it. There is another article that give insight into the argument of â€Å"when does life really begin?† It was said that even pro choice philosophers agree that life begins at fertilization. According to Wilcox (2013), â€Å"They grow through cellular reproduction and division, they metabolize food for energy, and they respond to stimuli. In fact, the only thing the unborn need to survive are adequate nutrition, a proper environment, and an absence of fatal threats. That’s all any of us need. There is no point in human development at which the developing entity goes from non-life to living†. The artcle continues to state that since life does begin at fertilization that abortion is the immoral killing of human beings and should not be legal. My reaction to this simply, why does it affect them? Whether it is their moral belief, philosophical belief, or scientific belief, the actions of others outside their immediate group or family will most likely not affect them. To me it almost as if they are trying to push their moral belief on someone and persuade everyone to believe what they believe, this cannot always happen. Who gives someone the right to tell someone whether or not they can legally decide to bring a life into the world, the government? Why is the government revisiting an issue that was seemingly resolved before in another case? Is this an attempt to even further control the population? I am asking these questions because it is literally impossible to have everyone be happy, even in a compromise, both parties is not totally getting what they wanted. So, in my opinion, I think that the lawfulness of abortion should be left alone. It has been working fine, and although everyone is not happy, it is too controversial of a subject that should not be touched again.

Economics of Shipping Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Economics of Shipping - Essay Example This paper deals with how different factors affect bulk carrier's demand and supply and how Baltic Dry Index be used to predict the demand and supply of Dry Bulk Carrier for next three months. This paper also describes how recent global economic recession has caused decrease in steel production and thus decreases in global demand for iron, coal and minor bulk commodities and how this has affected the demand for bulk carriers. The paper also deals with industry specific risk factors and how they can affect the earnings of the companies supplying bulk carriers. A bulk carrier is a merchant ship that is used to transport bulk cargo that is not packaged such as coal, ore and grains. The ship usually carries cargo in its cargo holds. It is a ship in which the cargo is carried as bulk. The bulk carriers were first made in 1852 but with time, the economic forces caused these ships to become more sophisticated and caused them to increase in size. There are two types of bulk carriers, wet bulk carrier and dry bulk carrier. The bulk carriers are dominating merchant ships. In terms of tonnage they comprise about one third of total world's fleet. So far the world's largest bulk carrier is able to carry about 365,000 metric tons of dead weight (DWT). The bulk carriers are divided into six main categories: small, handy size, handy max, panamex, capsize, very large bulk carrier (VLBC) (MAN Diesel Group, 2005, p. 3-4. ). Small bulk carriers have capacity of about 10,000 DWT and mini bulk carriers are most popular amongst them. They have a capacity of about 500 to 2000 tons and are usually used for river transport. Such ships easily pass under bridges and they have small crew. Handymax and Handy size have a capacity of more than 10,000 DWT and these two represent about 71% of all bulk carriers. Handymax ships have a capacity of about 52,000 DWT and have about four holds to carry cargo. Panamax canal's lock chamber limits the size of Panamax vessels. And it can accommodate ships with beam of up to 32.31m, a length of overall of up to 294.13m, and a draft of up to 12.04m (Autoridad del Canal de Panam, 2005, pp. 11- 12) Capesize vessels are very large vessels and have capacity of about 20,000 DWT. They carry cargo mainly like coal and iron. Large capacity capesize ships are specially designed to carry iron. Baltic Dry Index Baltic Dry Index is based on Baltic Exchange. This index is means of providing prices of raw materials transported by sea (Baltic Exchange, 2009).. The Baltic Exchange is a membership organization and its member is at the heart of world trade. Every day brokers around the world want to know how much it would cost to transport cargo around the world. These indices are made by assessment of international broking companies. The bulk cargo market relies on the mutual agreement and cooperation of ship owners and brokers to ensure a smooth flow of business(Baltic Exchange, 2009).. It is a rule of Baltic Exchange that all members should follow a code of business and abide by the rules. In case any member fails to follow rules then the member is expelled. There are about five hundred companies and about two thousand people that are member of Baltic Exchange

Troy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Troy - Essay Example In fact, at the very beginning of The Iliad, Achilles is upset (to say the least) with Agamemnon, and asks his mother, Thetis, to intervene by convincing Zeus to favor Achilles. Thetis does this, and it offends the goddess Hera. So goes the course of actions in The Iliad. At different times throughout The Iliad, the action scenes are actually gods and goddesses fighting amongst, and betraying, one another. This is very different from Troy, in which all of the action revolves around the main characters fighting Homer’s The Iliad is just his precursor for The Odyssey, so one of the other obvious differences is that The Iliad ends with the funeral of Hector. Troy ends with the burning of the city, citizens fleeing for their lives, and the death of Achilles. Again, the importance of these details depends on what watchers of Troy already know. Students and scholars might be a little more inclined to deem the movie version unrealistic; however, those without prior knowledge or passion for the material may not care that Troy seems to be one long saga, rather than two separate pieces of epic poetry. David Benioff is the screenwriter who adapted Homer’s visions. Not speaking technically, he did a good job. Troy director Wolfgang Peterson did, of course, stray some from Homer’s vision, but overall the movie seemed to be an attempt to please even the layperson. Benioff’s translations are uncomplicated. The language of more modern versions of The Iliad is easy, which is what Benioff was after. Older, less translated versions of The Iliad are much more complicated. More often than not, novice readers would be more comfortable with the format Benioff uses. Even with the screenwriting and director’s license, the movie basically conveys Homer’s theme. The Iliad is a love story. So is Troy. The Iliad is action-packed. So is Troy. The mood of Troy is somewhat different than The

Dynamic Earth Essay Example for Free

Dynamic Earth Essay Has the Earth been static since the beginning of time? Well, Earth hasnt been moving vigorously but it is changing at a steady rate. New geological features, rock formations, and locations of plates all rise and demolish some in a lifetime and others over a span of millions of years. Earth is dynamic; it constantly progresses and doesnt rest. Through the churns and molds, the twists and turns, Earth is active because of plate tectonics and the rock cycle. The ideas and theories that make up plate tectonics have shown Earths dynamism. The position of plates on global maps didnt always look similar to the maps shown today. 250 million years ago, there existed a super continent, Pangea, which contained all land masses on Earth. Before plate tectonics, people thought the plates were always in the same position; no one could explain how such a large mass could move. It split up some 200 million years ago but scientists recently accepted this idea of moving plates; continental drift. Even more recent was the idea of sea-floor spreading, the explanation for continental drift. These ideas merged to create what is now known as plate tectonics. In fact, it is more than likely that Earth will resemble Pangea in the future. The ideas that were brought up could easily have been within a persons lifetime. Volcanoes and earthquakes are also common because of plate tectonics. There are about 500,000 earthquakes and hundreds of minor volcanic eruptions each year caused by the frequent interaction between plates. Plate tectonics are a major piece of evidence for the changing planet. The transformations that occur through the rock cycle have also shown Earths dynamism. The rock cycle describes the dynamic transitions that the three main types of rock undergo without any definitive order. A metamorphic rock will not always stay a metamorphic rock; it can turn into a sedimentary rock through weathering and erosion then compaction and cementation or an igneous rock through melting and cooling of magma. For example, the Andes Mountains were formed by the transformations of metamorphic and sedimentary rock. It began to take its present form about 80 to 100 million years ago. Even though the process for change is prolonged, it takes place nonetheless. The rocks we see today may be different millions of years into the future. Basically, nothing is ever set in stone or rather, rock. In conclusion, Earths dynamism is shown through plate tectonics and the rock cycle. It is constantly changing despite the slow rate. The features that are visible today wont be there forever. Volcanoes that were once active will cease to erupt and continents that were once separated by water will be glued together. Beautiful rock formations will be torn down by the violent planet that is Earth. Due to the changing Earth, our understanding changes with it. Scientists constantly come up with new information to prove an idea or counter a theory. The winds of change are coming, can you feel it?

Educational Philosophy :: Education Careers Teaching Essays

Educational Philosophy Ever since I was little and starting my education I have wanted to become a teacher. It is a lifelong goal of mine and I hope someday I can fulfill this goal. This past summer my dream of becoming a teacher was further strengthened. I had the opportunity to coach a peewee football team and this decision turned out to be very instrumental to me as a person. I realized many things about myself and I realized where I wanted to go in life. I found out that I loved to teacher kids things I love as a person. I truly found out that I wanted to make kids my life and more specifically I wanted to become a Physical Education and Health teacher. It was just as Sputnik turned America’s light bulb on, that this summer turned my light bulb on. Throughout my education I have learned a variety of techniques and ideas that have been effective and not so effective in my own education. I have found that the teachers who sit behind the desk bore you till no end are not as effective as those teachers who have a hands on, enthusiastic learning environment. Thus, this brings me to my philosophy of education. First, I believe as a teacher you should be a true enthusiast. I know from past experiences if a teacher brings enthusiasm to their work it will enhance their classroom and also the ability of their students to learn. As this type of teacher I want to display a positive and enthusiastic attitude that hopefully will diffuse through my students like a wildfire. A positive attitude will get positive results and that will translate into enthusiasm for both the students and the teacher. Though I will act in a professional manner, I want to become as one with the students. I want my enthusiasm to enable the students to experience the best environment for learning and experimenting with the curriculum. I also want to display a progressivist attitude in my classroom. I believe that hands on learning is the most effective way of teaching a student new, unfamiliar subject matter. Being in a Physical Education environment, I believe this will be the most effective philosophy in my classroom.

Investments Essay

Checking account is a type of investment to manage personal finances that has both advantages and disadvantages. The primary advantages of checking are to save fees charged by storefronts that offer check cashing services and easy accessibility to funds by writing on checks compared to carrying cash. The disadvantages of checking accounts are overdraft fees when the balance is less than the maintaining balance and less security than ATM cards since it only requires a signature. Money market account offers advantages to account holders to hold emergency funds and money for periodic payments. A higher rate of interest is also offered compared to other types of accounts. Its disadvantages are limited transactions to only 3 deposits and 3 withdrawals every month; potential investment loss since only $250,000 is insured by FDIC; unguaranteed interest rate due to fluctuation; risk of spontaneous spending due to easy accessibility; and risk of withdrawing funds leading to a minimum balance especially when the account is tied to a checking account. Passbook savings account offers the advantages of safety as covered by U. S. federal government insurance companies (FDIC and NCUSIF); immediate access to funds based on the needs of the account holder; and it offers a fairly small interest. Its disadvantages are the limitation on federal insurance of a maximum of $250,000 coverage and the lowest interest rate of passbook accounts compared to all types of savings account. The interest also is subjected to tax returns for the depositor. Certificate of deposits additionally has advantages and disadvantages. It offers flexibility of the terms starting at three months up to five years or more. It means the longer the term, the higher interest rate the depositor will receive at the end of the term. Another advantage is the grace period it offers. Depositors are given commonly a seven-day period to come to a decision whether to extend the term or not. Its disadvantages are the interest rate is fixed, penalty fees when the deposit is withdrawn before maturity date, and automatic rollover when the depositor missed to make a decision on or before the grace period.

Burns

The skin, an important organ that acts as a natural cover and holds our many underlying components together, important in multiple functions, yet it can be so easily marred. Burns, one of the reasons for skin damage, are the destruction of the different layers within the skin by exposure to excessive heat; heat that is greater than 120 degrees Fahrenheit, or by friction, electricity or chemical substances. The heat from the exposure cannot be distributed fast enough in the rest of the body, resulting in a breakdown of tissues exposed to heat.Unlike other tissue damages, burns can cover a wider range of surface area. The causes may come from a variety of events such as boiling liquid, exposure to harmful chemicals, or electrical shock. Signs that indicate a burn may be swelling, redness of the area of damage, and pain. Burns are categorized by degree based on the duration, size and severity of injury; the least severe being first degree burns, second degree burns and the worst, third degree burns. Not only are there the regular, common burns that would first come to mind, but there are also chemical burns and electrical burns.Chemical burns occur when the skin is exposed to a corrosive substance that consists of either a strong base or acid. Electrical burns are cause by contact with electric conducting objects that are live. Types of treatment are determined by the severity and also determine the place to which the person should receive the treatment. Regeneration of the damaged tissue will differ accordingly to the type of burn. First degree burn, it refers to the superficial damage to the skin and causes only local inflammation.The inflammation consists of pain, a small amount of swelling, dryness and redness. Peeling, of the area affected, may be seen. This type of burn will only have an effect on the epidermis. Examples of first degree burns include sunburns, flash burns or any other burn that derives from a brief exposure to severe heat. Treatment for this type of burn depends on the location, cause, extent of the burn and may include cold compresses, skin soothing ointments or pain relieving aspirin. The skin usually heals within a time span of a few days without permanent tissue damage.Second degree burns affect the epidermis and the superficial dermis layer of the skin. The burn is often characterized by moist blisters, skin lesions, and bits of shredded epidermis. Also, the injury is often displayed as white. The area of damage is prone to high risks of infection and victim experiences intense pain around the area. In a lot of cases, second degree burns are the consequences of exposure to flames, scald inducing events and contact with chemicals, electricity or hot objects.The treatments for second degree burns depend of the same characteristic of first degree burns. Second degree burns include the addition of extra care to prevent infections. The skin heals within about 3 weeks and 6 weeks if the wound is superficial or deep, as the skin re-epithelializes. At the end of healing, there is minimal scarring to no scarring at all although discoloration of the area may be present. A third degree burn, also referred to as a full thickness burn, destroys the epidermis, the entire dermis beneath it, injures the subcutaneous tissue, and may spread to the muscles.Accessory structures are destroyed. The area of the wound may appear white and leathery due to the damages done to the blood vessels and nerves. The affected skin may also appear black, yellow, or even brown and is painless due to the impairment of vessels and nerves. The skin loses its elasticity, becomes dry and produces the appearance of being charred. Some of the causes of third degree burns may include scalding liquids, flames, chemical substances, over-exposure to excess heat or even electricity.If not taken into serious account with medical attention, the damaged skin will heal poorly and slowly. Since the epidermis and hair follicles are eliminated, new skin will not form. Treatments for these burns consist of procedures such as attentive care and cleaning, skin grafting, anti-biotic mediation and as such. The smaller areas will take fewer months to heal than the larger areas since those require grafting, which is the replacement of the previous damaged skin with transplant skin through surgery. ttp://www. webmd. com/skin-problems-and-treatments/third-degree-burn-full-thickness-burn http://www. medicinenet. com/burns/page2. htm http://faculty. stcc. edu/AandP/AP/AP1pages/Units1to4/skin/repairof. htm http://www. urmc. rochester. edu/encyclopedia/content. aspx? ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P01760 http://www. chw. org/display/PPF/DocID/21911/router. asp http://www. metrohealth. org/body. cfm? id=1014&oTopID=1007 http://www. rayur. com/skin-burn-anatomy-definition-causes-symptoms-and-treatment. html Burns The skin, an important organ that acts as a natural cover and holds our many underlying components together, important in multiple functions, yet it can be so easily marred. Burns, one of the reasons for skin damage, are the destruction of the different layers within the skin by exposure to excessive heat; heat that is greater than 120 degrees Fahrenheit, or by friction, electricity or chemical substances. The heat from the exposure cannot be distributed fast enough in the rest of the body, resulting in a breakdown of tissues exposed to heat.Unlike other tissue damages, burns can cover a wider range of surface area. The causes may come from a variety of events such as boiling liquid, exposure to harmful chemicals, or electrical shock. Signs that indicate a burn may be swelling, redness of the area of damage, and pain. Burns are categorized by degree based on the duration, size and severity of injury; the least severe being first degree burns, second degree burns and the worst, third degree burns. Not only are there the regular, common burns that would first come to mind, but there are also chemical burns and electrical burns.Chemical burns occur when the skin is exposed to a corrosive substance that consists of either a strong base or acid. Electrical burns are cause by contact with electric conducting objects that are live. Types of treatment are determined by the severity and also determine the place to which the person should receive the treatment. Regeneration of the damaged tissue will differ accordingly to the type of burn. First degree burn, it refers to the superficial damage to the skin and causes only local inflammation.The inflammation consists of pain, a small amount of swelling, dryness and redness. Peeling, of the area affected, may be seen. This type of burn will only have an effect on the epidermis. Examples of first degree burns include sunburns, flash burns or any other burn that derives from a brief exposure to severe heat. Treatment for this type of burn depends on the location, cause, extent of the burn and may include cold compresses, skin soothing ointments or pain relieving aspirin. The skin usually heals within a time span of a few days without permanent tissue damage.Second degree burns affect the epidermis and the superficial dermis layer of the skin. The burn is often characterized by moist blisters, skin lesions, and bits of shredded epidermis. Also, the injury is often displayed as white. The area of damage is prone to high risks of infection and victim experiences intense pain around the area. In a lot of cases, second degree burns are the consequences of exposure to flames, scald inducing events and contact with chemicals, electricity or hot objects.The treatments for second degree burns depend of the same characteristic of first degree burns. Second degree burns include the addition of extra care to prevent infections. The skin heals within about 3 weeks and 6 weeks if the wound is superficial or deep, as the skin re-epithelializes. At the end of healing, there is minimal scarring to no scarring at all although discoloration of the area may be present. A third degree burn, also referred to as a full thickness burn, destroys the epidermis, the entire dermis beneath it, injures the subcutaneous tissue, and may spread to the muscles.Accessory structures are destroyed. The area of the wound may appear white and leathery due to the damages done to the blood vessels and nerves. The affected skin may also appear black, yellow, or even brown and is painless due to the impairment of vessels and nerves. The skin loses its elasticity, becomes dry and produces the appearance of being charred. Some of the causes of third degree burns may include scalding liquids, flames, chemical substances, over-exposure to excess heat or even electricity.If not taken into serious account with medical attention, the damaged skin will heal poorly and slowly. Since the epidermis and hair follicles are eliminated, new skin will not form. Treatments for these burns consist of procedures such as attentive care and cleaning, skin grafting, anti-biotic mediation and as such. The smaller areas will take fewer months to heal than the larger areas since those require grafting, which is the replacement of the previous damaged skin with transplant skin through surgery. ttp://www. webmd. com/skin-problems-and-treatments/third-degree-burn-full-thickness-burn http://www. medicinenet. com/burns/page2. htm http://faculty. stcc. edu/AandP/AP/AP1pages/Units1to4/skin/repairof. htm http://www. urmc. rochester. edu/encyclopedia/content. aspx? ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P01760 http://www. chw. org/display/PPF/DocID/21911/router. asp http://www. metrohealth. org/body. cfm? id=1014&oTopID=1007 http://www. rayur. com/skin-burn-anatomy-definition-causes-symptoms-and-treatment. html

How to Make Glow in the Dark Mountain Dew

How to Make Glow in the Dark Mountain Dew Mountain Dew has a vibrant yellow-green color to it but ever thought about making it glow? Heres how you do it: Glow in the Dark Mountain Dew Materials 20-oz bottle of Mountain Dewâ„ ¢ (but any 20-oz bottle will work)Glowstick or light stickScissors or wire cuttersDishwashing liquidHydrogen peroxideBaking soda Make It Glow Pour out or drink all but a small volume of the soft drink (~1/4 inch). If your bottle is empty, add a little water.Add a squirt of dishwashing liquid.Use scissors or wire cutters to cut the glowstick.Empty the contents of the glow stick into the bottle. If the liquid wont flow you can snip the glowstick into pieces and just add the pieces to the bottle.Add 1 to 3 capfuls of hydrogen peroxide.Add a pinch of baking soda and immediately seal the bottle.Turn out the lights (if you havent already) and vigorously shake the bottle.Dont drink the contents of the bottle. Keep it out of reach of children or anyone else who might be tempted to drink the liquid. Modern glowsticks are nontoxic, but that doesnt make them good for you to eat. Similarly, dishwashing liquid is not edible. Tips Theres nothing special about Mountain Dew. In fact, you dont even need soda. The glowing red bottle was made using a bit of water, a squirt of Dawn, a broken red glowstick, a couple of capfuls of hydrogen peroxide, and a pinch of baking soda.You dont absolutely need the peroxide or baking soda either. The project works if you add a little detergent and the contents of a broken glowstick to any near-empty 20-oz bottle.However, if you add the peroxide and baking soda, you get an immediate bright glow. Enjoy the glow while you can because the chemiluminescence reaction proceeds rapidly. If you use peroxide you will notice the light starting to fade within about half a minute.Avoid contact with the contents of the glow stick. Clean off any residue from your scissors or another cutting tool. If you get any of the product on your skin, rinse it off immediately with warm soapy water.

Assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment 2 - Essay Example However, the study results from Wald Testing methodology and actual juvenile court records indicated there was not a considerable difference between neglectful parenting and authoritative parenting. This is identified in Table 2 in the study, however this was based on quantitative multi-variate testing and not only the self-report inventories returned by the chosen sample group of youths. The study conducted by Simons & Conger also predicted, based on previous literature, that authoritative parenting would breed better adjusted adolescents in relation to academics or the broader social environment. However, this article predicted that having two authoritative parents would be rare considering the dimensions of adult-based control needs that would negate both parents taking an authoritative role. The article identifies neglectful parenting styles versus authoritarian styles, with modifications for a variety of combinations of both styles. This study’s methodology differed and i nvolved questionnaires filled out by key sample participants and then a follow-up observational approach using videotape as documentation. Important dimensions of this sample’s self-reporting dealt with perceptions of hostility in the home, monitoring and parenting style.

Currency markets and their effects on the U.S. economy Essay

Currency markets and their effects on the U.S. economy - Essay Example This paper discusses currency markets, how they operate, and how they affect the economy of the United States. The specific cases of two foreign currencies - the Euro and the Japanese Yen - and the impact of their movements on the U.S. economy are analyzed to provide a clearer picture that would facilitate the understanding of the theory.Although the term "currency" is synonymous with "money" that is a medium of economic exchange, what would be discussed in this paper is the currency market, not the money market. The reasons for this distinction will be explained below.A currency market, like any other market, is a place where currencies are bought and sold. This is different from a money market, which is where monetary or financial instruments such as bonds, stocks, derivatives, insurance policies, mutual funds and similar goods are transacted. However, currency and money markets share four key elements that allow transactions in any market to take place.First, the market should exi st either physically in a building as the New York Stock Exchange, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange for commodities, or a neighborhood flea market, or virtually in a computer system which is the case for most markets where bonds, derivatives, or currencies are bought and sold. In the currency market, there is no single location where currencies are traded. Instead, there are many trades taking place, in banks, moneychangers, shops, even hotels, and each venue has a set of exchange rates for "buy" and "sell" bids, with the latter usually higher by a fraction. These rates are the prices that the agent is willing to pay for (buy) or get paid for (sell) in transacting each currency. Then, there should be goods that are exchanged in this market; buyers and sellers who either buy or sell the goods; and money that is used as the medium of exchange. A market transaction is therefore where buyers acquire from sellers certain goods in exchange for money at an agreed price. The main difference between all the other types of markets such as money markets and a currency market is that in a currency market, the goods bought and sold are currencies and the payments are also made in currencies that are denominated differently from that which is sold or bought. Therefore, in a currency market, someone or an entity that wants to buy U.S. dollars can buy it using Euros (denomination of the Eurozone currency), Yen (Japan), Pounds Sterling (United Kingdom), and so on. This brings an important question to mind: how much is a U.S. dollar worth, and if what it is worth determines the price that others are going to pay for it, why is the currency of the U.S. not the same as the currency of other countries What determines the price of currencies in the market The answers to these questions depend on an understanding of what is called the monetary system, or the way the money supply is determined in each country and, therefore, in the whole world. Knowing how the monetary system operates will give a better understanding of how currency prices are determined in the currency market. Monetary System A clear understanding of the world's monetary system will explain how a currency is valued, how its value compares with other currencies defined by the exchange rate, the roles that exchange rates play in the world economy, and how exchange rates are determined. Solomon (in Samuelson and Nordhaus) described the monetary system as follows: 'The world's monetary system is like the traffic lights in a city, taken for granted until it begins to malfunction and to disrupt people's livesA well-functioning monetary system will facilitate international trade and investment and smooth adaptation to change. A monetary system that functions poorly may not only discourage the development of trade and investment among nations but subject their economies to disruptive shocks when necessary adjustments are prevented or delayed" (1, 7)

Why Control Development Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Why Control Development - Term Paper Example The term ‘planning’ means different things to different people. In this context planning is viewed as a discipline with strong technical basis.   It works in terms of applying various techniques, models and formulas to solve problems. Moreover, it results to presenting itself as a science where it focuses in objectively solving problems by value-neutral planners.   Yet another dimension describes planning as an art of decision and plan making. Planning systems have revolved over time in the need to organize and regulated human society and its surroundings. Diverse societies all over the worlds over centuries have diverse sets of values. Planning systems and their roles change over time due to change of societal values and the advent of technological developments, hence the need to understand the context of social and historical changes.   Theories found in planning focus on how to go about carrying out planning. They focus on procedural matters as compared to substantial matters. They deal with issues such as design methods, decision making, organizations and community action. These could be said to be prescriptive theories because they explain of how to go about carrying our planning tasks.          What is of most important to note is that, planning must work hand in hand with the element of time. Planning should be time sensitive since we do not plan for the past but for the future. Besides, ideas tend to change over time with the outdated ideas exiting o pave way for the current ideas, with a certain capacity of individuals and the society having to carry volumes of ideas within their span of consideration at one time. T here are five schools of planning theory. They include; rational –comprehensive planning theory, advocacy planning theory, incremental list planning theory, and the two branches of communicative planning theory: planning as consensus-seeking and management of conflicts.

The US Congress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The US Congress - Essay Example Senator Spector's website contained the same constituency topics; including flags, touring DC, appointments to military academies and internships; and actually had one more than Lott - how to get grants. His home page though was a bit more crowded and the major topic buttons were not as easily recognizable as Lott's; to his benefit, though, he had an email signup form on the front page and his office locations and phone numbers. Unlike Lott's page though, Spector had no search bar. The information on Wicker's home page was sparse at best. His navigation buttons were difficult to read and small which could make it very difficult for an older person. Also his main topic buttons had no drop down menus and instead of grouping categories together he too many individual tabs. He had no search bar. Lastly, Lewis' webpage was set up nicely. His category buttons were easy to locate, although they did not have drop down menus. He did, however, have two search bars: one for general searches and a Bill search which was innovative. He did not have a state map as did the two senators. All four of the congressman had a great deal of partisan information within their websites, although some were more blatant than others. Lewis' home page was mainly taken up with information on Bills, projects or acts he was personally involved with. However, his latest news was dated January 18 which made me wonder what he had been doing for three months. Wicker's home page dedicated almost half of the home page to hurricane relief aid. The lower portion had current news release links to his sponsored bills as well as three columns he pens. Spector's latest news was dated April 6th so information is being updated fairly frequently and like the others his news all dealt with legislations or committees is was actively working on. He did have an article, however, about bipartisan cooperation in oil and gas price discussions. Lastly, Lott's press release section was less cluttered with only one release displayed and a button to see more. He also had a link to his weekly radio address w hich according to the website he has been doing a weekly address since 1973. Of the four web pages Lott had the least partisan information portrayed on the main page. All four Congressmen have lengthy biographies posted on their websites explaining in detail the professional lives as well as their background and family information. Wicker has an extensive photo gallery. Lewis has the shortest biography of the four congressmen. One thing I did not like is the first paragraph spoke about his personal insurance business; ever the salesman I suppose. His photo gallery was set up nicely with different headings to select from which made it very neatly organized. Lott's biography was nicely laid out with his main headings labeled. This allows the readers to scan through for the particular area they are seeking. Lott only had one photo, his official Senate photo. Spector's biography was also nicely laid out clear and concise with nice visual representations. Spector also had no photo gallery which made me question if it was a Senate mandated, a Senate unofficial mandate or just a coincidence. Of the total appearance of the websites, by far, the most appealing was that of Lott. He had much better use of space. The pages did not seem as cluttered as that of Wicker and Lewis. Spector's page was laid out well too,

Quality of Nursing and Diversity

Quality of Nursing and Diversity Critically discuss how an understanding and application of the concepts of diversity, cultural competence and equality can help to improve the quality of nursing care in today’s diverse healthcare settings for a diverse service-user population The Office of National Statistics (2014) displays how the population of Britain is becoming increasingly diverse due to migration, with 560,000 people migrating to Britain between March 2013 and March 2014; a significant increase from 492,000 people in the previous 12 months. Globalisation; which is the increasing integration of economies and societies has a profound effect on migration and health. For example the ease of accessibility of borders for services and trade removes the boundaries for migration and increases the production and marketing of products such as tobacco which have an adverse effect on health (Wamala and Kawachi 2007). The increasing movement of countries into the European Union (EU) also removes the boundaries to migration as the European commission state that individuals who hold European citizenship have rights to free movement and residency within the EU(EU 2014). The acceleration of globalisation and the growth in migration means the NHS have to care for an increasingly diverse service-user population who have a range of health needs which presents many issues and challenges for nursing care. Blakemore (2013) recognised how research by Macmillan cancer support found that patients from Black minority ethnic (BME) groups experience increased challenges and poor treatment compared to white British cancer patients; such as lack of compassion and poor and ineffective communication. This is an example of how diverse groups can receive poor quality care and highlights the need for nurses to understand and apply the concepts of diversity, cultural competence and equality to evade this diminished care. This essay will explore, discuss and critique these concepts when looking at how they can improve the quality of nursing care in today’s diverse healthcare settings for a diverse service-user population. Diversity is defined by Dayer-berenson (2014) as the ‘individual differences of the human race’ which should be ‘accepted, respected, embraced and celebrated by society’. The differences encompass many factors such age, religion, ethnicity and sexual orientation, all which shape an individual to be unique. This definition however fails to acknowledge that differences exist within each unique factor. For example in ethnic groups; where although common characteristics such as language and origin are shared, differences within the ethnic group still do exist such the extent to which the individual practices their religion, and the culture to which the individual identifies to (Henley and Schott 1999). The National Health Service (NHS)(2011) expand on this definition by recognising that diversity includes ‘visible and non-visible’ differences. Recognition of this is important in clinical practice as non –visible differences such as values and beliefs will not be established unless nurses effectively communicate and assess there patients values, needs and prefences. This will prevent the assumption that all members of one ethnicity act as another as mentioned previously, and therefore avoid stereotyping. Henley and Schott (1999) recognise how stereotyping will result in inadequate nursing care as people distance themselves from those they see as different, causing them to have a lack of consideration and respect for the individual, thus diminishing care. Furthermore, when assessing the values and beliefs of diverse patients, nurses must avoid holding an ethnocentric attitude. Ethnocentrism is when people identify their own cultural ways as superior to others, creating an attitude that any other beliefs and values are wrong. This leads to inadequate care as other diverse beliefs, values and therefore needs; will be rendered as insignificant and may be ignored (Royal college of Nursing (RCN) 2014). Ethnocentric behaviour however is not always recognised by the individual and is therefore difficult to challenge, as through socialisation into their own cultural values and beliefs a viewpoint of what is ‘normal’ and ‘appropriate’ is created. This viewpoint is then used to often negatively judge diverse cultures that the individual comes across (Henley and Schott 1999). On the other hand Sharif (2012) views ethnocentrism as having a positive influence on healthcare in the United Kingdom. When looking at BME groups, South Asians are a high risk group for public health diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Sharif recognises the need for ethnocentric interventions to educate South Asian communities and to distinguish them as a group to further investigate the differences in epidemiology, pathophysiology and health outcomes. This view is opposed by The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC)(2010) who state in their standards for pre-registration nurses that nurses must strive for culturally diverse nursing care by practicing as holistic, non-judgemental and sensitive nurses, avoiding assumption, recognising individual choice and acknowledging diversity. Therefore nurses must adhere to this code by avoiding stereotypical and ethnocentric attitudes which can be done through assessing and recognising patients as individuals. This will result in high quality care which is essential for a diverse service user population. Respecting individual patient diversity results in respecting equality which is the elimination of discrimination and disadvantage through respecting the rights of individuals and promoting equal opportunity for all. Nurses working within an organisation must comply to the Equality Act 2010 which protects 12 diverse characteristics such as age, disability and religon from discrimation and disadvantage (Equality and Human Rights Commison 2014). In healthcare this is done through the implementation of policies and guideance, however Talbot and Verrinder (2010) highlight how equality policies can express the need for patients to receive equal care regardless of characteristics and background. This ignores personal choice and therefore disregardards individuality and diversity; producing poor quality care. When looking at equality further nurses can promote equality through ensuring everyone has equal and full access to health care. It is recognised that BME patients have a poor uptake of healthcare services compared to white British patients for several reasons such as; language barriers, negative experiences and inadequate information (Henley and Schott 1999,Washington and Bowles et al 2008). Dayer-berenson (2014) however identifies that barriers to healthcare are not just due to racial factors but also socio-economic factors. Nimakok and Gunapala et al (2013) expand on this further by recognising that individuals from BME communities are more likely to be of poor socio-economic status than their white counterparts ; due to factors such as low income and poor housing quality. Nurses must therefore be in the position to promote equality through endorsing equal access to healthcare and complying to equality policies. This must be done whilist respecting individual patients and their di versity which produces culturally competenet nurses and thus high quality care for the diverse service user population. Cultural competence is defined by Papadopolus and Tilki et al. (2003) as the act of respecting the cultural differences of patients in order to provide effective and appropriate care. This is a brief definition which fails to include all aspects of being a culturally competent practicioner, which arguably involves more than respecting cultural differences which will later be explored (McClimens and Brewster et al. 2014). Leininger (1997) states that cultural competence is the goal of providing culturaly congruent, compent and compassionate care through holisticly looking at culture, health and illness patterns and respecting the similarities and differences in cultural values and beliefs.This definition fails to recognise that cultural competence Is never a completed goal but an ongoing process (Dean 2010), however it recognises the importance of looking at the similarties within cultures. This increases the nurses ability to understand and meet the patients full range of needs thus producing culturally competent care (Henley and Schott 1999). Cultural competent nursing care is essential for enusuring high quality care in the increasingly diverse service user population, with The NHS stating that it provides a comprenhesive service for all regardless of background and characteristcs and In consideration of each individuals human rights. Respect for equality and diversity are two important aspects of The NHS`s vison and values as highlighted in this statement; and through culturally competent care these values can be achieved (McClimens and Brewster et al. 2014, NHS 2014). Educating health care professionals on culturally competent care is therefore important with Hovat and Horey et al. (2014) looking at the effects of educational cultural competence interventions for healthcare proffesionals on healthcare outcomes. The review found that health behaviour such as concordance to treatment was improved however they also acknowledged that there quality of evidence was poor and that cultural competence is still a developing stratergy, therefore further research is needed to establish its effectiveness on healthcare outcomes. Dayer-Berenson (2014) however, states how culturally competent care does produce positive healthcare outcomes and therefore high quality care as through culturally competent practice, cultural sensitivity can be developed. This will bridge the gap between the healthcare professional and the patient which allows the patient to feel understood, respected and supported. There are various models which offer an understanding of cultural competence and a process for developing cultural competence to allow for high quality care. Campinha-Bacote developed the `The Process of Cultural Competence in the Delivery of Healthcare Services model’ in 1998 which looks at how the healthcare professional must work within the cultural context of the patient and ‘become’ culturally competent rather than ‘be’ culturally competent. Campinha-Bacote sees becoming culturally competent as an ongoing process which involves the constructs of cultural awareness, knowledge, skill, encounters and desire Campinha-Bacote (2002). When looking at cultural awareness; which is the process of the nurse exploring there own cultural and professional background and any bias towards other cultures, Dayer-Berenson (2014) agrees nurses need to be aware of there own culture so that they can step outside of it when necessary and care for patients only in terms of their needs. This will reduce misunderstandings and misjudgements and therefore failures in care, allowing for high quality care for the diverse service user population. On the other hand this model has some weaknesses. When looking at the construct of cultural skill which Campinha-Bacote (2002) defines as the collection of relevant cultural data through cultural assessment in regards to the patients presenting problem, Leishman (2004) identifies some issues. Her study on perspectives of cultural competence in healthcare found that nurses do not agree that the personal beliefs and values of patients should be impinged upon as Camphinha-Bacote suggests in her model. Leishmans study found that this may impact the patients overall impression on the care they receive and that individual patient needs irrespective of culture should be the focus of care. This view argues that patient centered care is favourable over cultural competence when caring for a diverse patient population . Patient centered care describes care which is centred around the individual and their needs with inclusion of families and carers in decisions about treatment and care (Manley and Hills et al. 2011). It is a philiosphy which is embedded at the forefront of all patient care, with a recent inquiry comminsed by the Royal College of General Practicioners (2014) emphasising the importance of patient centred care in the 21st century to meet the challenging and changing needs of patients; such as the increase in the diverse patient population. Kleinmans explanatory model of illness offers an alternative approach for looking at cultural competence as it supports the delivery of person centred care. The model contains steps that the healthcare professional can use to communicate with their patients. The steps look at several issues such as; establishment of the patients ethnic identity and what It means to them, how an episode of illness can effect the patient and their family, what the illness means to the patient, and how a cultural competent approach may help or hinder the patients care (NHS Flying Start 2014 , Kleinman and Benson 2006). By eliciting the patients and their families views and explanations of their illness the model allows for patient centred care. Also the cross cultural communication and recognition of any conflicts in values and beliefs which need negotiating produces culturally competent care (Hark and DeLisser 2009, Misra-Herbert 2003). The model has further strengths which also allow for high quality care as recognised by Kleinman and Benson (2006) who state that the model allows practicioners to set there knowledge alongside the patients own views and explanations which avoids an ethnocentric attitude. On the other hand the model is focused on the interaction between doctors and patients so it is therefore questionable as to wether this model can be applied to the nursing care of a diverse service user population (Misra-Hebert 2003). The acceleration of globalisation and therefore increase in migration means that the NHS have to care for an increasingly diverse service user population. To give high quality nursing care to their patients nurses must understand apply the concepts of diversity, equality and cultural competence. This essay has shown how this can be done by ensuring their practice is underpinned by legal and ethical principles and through respecting the diversity of all through treating patients as individuals and avoiding stereotypical and ethnocentric attitudes. Respecting diversity can also endorse equality which nurses can also encourage through promoting equal access to healthcare for all. Finally nurses must be culturally competenet practicioners by respecting diversity and equality and through the implication of models although further research is needed as cultural competence is a developing concept with other principles such as patient centered care also being seen as essential in nursing pra ctice. 2,180 1

Cutie as a Metaphor of the Mind in Asimovs Reason Essay -- Asimov Rea

Cutie as a Metaphor of the Mind in Asimov's Reason Using one's reason to the highest ability is considered to be a virtue in our society. Reason and logic have a lucid quality that is reassuring to human interaction. Ultimately, humanity prizes itself for its ability to logically explain our observations by using reason. Another facet of the human mind is to be inquisitive, to constantly ask questions about our surroundings. Both these facets are shown by the main character, "Cutie," in Asimov's "Reason." This thought-provoking story uses Cutie, a robot, as a metaphor of the human mind, and on a larger scale, humanity itself. Closer analysis of "Reason" will allow an indepth understanding of :- (1) how the reasoning process is used to formulate a belief by Cutie, (2) how the human mind uses reason to deal with that which is unknown to humanity. In "Reason," Asimov cleverly uses a robot as an analogy of the human mind. The reader becomes aware of this as the conversation of Powell, the human supervisor, and Cutie unfolds at the beginning of the story. Cutie possesses an innate curiosity and asks a question that has preoccupied human beings since the dawn of mankind: what is the purpose of my existence? This is a symbol of the human mind's inquisitive nature. Cutie also uses the word, "intuition," (Asimov 96) and this too indicates that Cutie is Asimov's representation of human nature. The discourse with Powell also enables the reader to witness how Cutie uses reason to explain his existence. By doing so, Asimov shows how a human mind can reason and formulate a belief. To resolve the uncertainty of his existence, Cutie begins his reasoning from concrete... ...l with the abstract, and unknown aspects of living (e.g. death, existence etc.) by building belief systems that allow a purposeful life. On a large scale society can also create belief systems to explain mankind's existence, and observations of this universe. Whether these beliefs are illusions or the absolute truth do not affect us as a functioning society. The question that Asimov leaves in the reader's mind is, 'Is our society built upon a web of beliefs that creates a comfortable illusion of all observations?' Will we ever know the truth to abstract questions pertaining to life, and the REASON of our existence? Or will we always live with inaccurate beliefs-- based on reason and incorrect postulates-- to resolve these questions. These thought-provoking questions shakes the reader's confidence of humanity's ability to find the truth by reasoning correctly.

Indenting

Indenting Principles of indenting: – ? Budget. ? Type of Establishment. ? Method of Preparation. ? Availability in Season. ? Place of Availability. ? Left overs in Hand. 1] Budgeting: – Budget of an orgnisation. A fixed indenting that means amount of money which is spent for a particular dish. e. g. : – A particular dish can be prepared by using expensive items as given in the original recipe, but if it does not fit the budget some manipulation have to be done use of substitutes n inferior quality ingredients can be used. Portion size can be reduced keeping the price of the dish constant which will directly affect indenting. ] Type of Establishment: – The amount of food required for different places is different. e. g. : – Industrial canteens serve 150 gms of rice per portion whereas rice served in a buffet or banquet party of a 5 star hotel is 40-50 gms per portion. 3] Method of Preparation: – It also affect indenting that means many ways ca n be used to prepare n get a desire result. For a dish n amount of ingredients vary directly due to the different methods of preparation. e. g. : – Rice can be prepared by draining method or absorption method the yield in draining method is much more than absorption method.So it affects indenting. 4] Availability in Season: – Food ingredients available in the season should be used for preparing a dish which affect indenting directly. e. g. : – In preparation of Aloo Mutter during season fresh peas should be indented n in off season dried or frozen. 5] Place of Availability: – For purchasing of food ingredients in hotel and organizations, tenders are invited and suppliers with the lower quotation and good quality get the order. The quantity is considered while indenting the price which should be reasonably low than other quotation. 6] Leftovers in Hands: –They are used to make up new dishes and serve to the customers as today’s special. This helps the organisations to control wastage of food and the additional item will also reduce indenting of goods. Portion for Bulk Production Quantity and portion for bulk production are as follows: – A] Rice: – †¢ Absorption Method: – 100 gms per portion. †¢ Draining Method: – 75-80 gms per portion. †¢ Industrial Canteen: – 125-150 gms per portion. †¢ Buffet: – 40-50 gms per portion. Proportion of rice and Vegs is 2:1 and rice and mutton is 4:3. B] Indian Breads: – C] Mutton: – †¢ Mutton with bones 125 gms per portion. Without bones 80 gms per portion. †¢ If served in a thali 40-50 gms per portion. †¢ Minced meat 60 gms per portion. †¢ Chicken with bone 125 gms per portion. †¢ Chicken with bone 75 gms per portion. †¢ Avearge or Std wt of Chicken is 1. 36 kg. †¢ 1 Kg of boneless chicken in gives 450-500 gms. †¢ Tandoori chicken is served 2 portion from per chicken. †¢ Roast chicken is served 4 portion from a chicken. †¢ Chicken used for gravies 8 portion from per chicken. †¢ Chicken used in soups 30 gms per portion. D] Fish: – – 1 std fish gives 5 portion and 2 or 4 fillets which is 80 gms per portion. – Prawns without shelling 120 gms per portion.After shelling 100 gms per portion. E] Veg: – ? Besan used 250 gms for 1 kg of potatoes ? Oil 7. 5ml per wada. ? 1 kg of sago- 50 wada. F] Dal: – 1. 30 gms per portion but when served in a buffet 10-12 gms per portion. Chana, Rajma, Chawli – 40 gms per portion becomes double after boiling and 120 gms of gravy after preparation. 2. 1 kg of udid dal gives 55 nos of medu wadas. 3. 1 kg of chana dal gives 45 nos of dal wadas. 4. For idlis rice and dal proportion is 2:1. 1 kg will give 40 dosa. 5. 1 coconut gives 200 ms of coconut which serve 30 people. 6. Pickles 0. 5 per portion. 7. Papad 1 per portion. 5-30 nos per packet. G] Desserts: – †¢ Sheera 40 gms of rawa 30 gms sugar, 10 gms of fat, 80-100 ml of water or milk for 1 porion. †¢ Semiyan Kheer, Semiya 15 gms, milk 100 ml, sugar 30-40 gms, fat 10-15 gms per portion. If dry semiyas is made 45-50 gms is taken for one portion and milk is reduce accordingly. †¢ Gulab Jamun, 1kg of mawa-80 gulab jamun. 200 gms of refined flour for binding 2 kg of sugar for syrup. †¢ Jalebi, 1 kg of maida, 200 gms of bean, 200 ml of oil, 200 gms curd and 2 kg of sugar for syrup. †¢ Boondis, 1kg of besan- 5kg of sweet boondies, suagr 2. 5 kg. 1 kg of besan gives 2. 5-3 kg of Khara Boondi. Custard for 2 portion, 1 egg, 30 gms sugar, 150 ml milk, 7-8 gms gelatine. †¢ Rasgullas, 1 ltr of milk gives 300-400 gms cottage cheese which gives 40 rasugullas, suagr 2 kg for syrup. Practical difficulties involved in indenting: – Indenting is similar to requisition which is an inter-department document sent for a particular requirement which may be dry goods, food stuf fs, cleaning materials or stationery. However in terms of food it is always referred to an indent which means a document stating requirement of goods in terms of description, quality specification, units and quantity required etc. t is sent to the stores. Stores collect indent from various department and collectively place order to the supplier to send such material on a specified date and time. Factors affecting indenting in the terms just explained above it is not easy when indenting for smaller quantity for 1 recipe because 1 batch of goods would be excess for that recipe. Indenting for a 1000 meal or buffet or banquet or coffee shop or industrial canteen is much easier than indenting. For single portion the factors considered while in denting for large quantity are:- ] No of persons: – Larger the number of people lesser the quantity. 2] No of items on the menu: – More the no of items quality are less. 3] Choice provided on the menu. 4] No of non-veg items on the me nu. 5] Vegetarian alternatives. 6] No of vegetarians. 7] Beef, Mutton, Chicken etc eaten. 8] Inclusion of Indian bread. 9] Types of Clientele. 10] Choice of desserts provided. 11] Consistency of the dish. E. g. thick or thin gravies. 12] Selling price of the menu. 13] par stock of raw material. 14] Mise-en-place to be done. 15] Type of service. E. g. Banquet, buffets or table service[pic][pic]