Why Control Development Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Why Control Development - Term Paper Example The term ‘planning’ means different things to different people. In this context planning is viewed as a discipline with strong technical basis.   It works in terms of applying various techniques, models and formulas to solve problems. Moreover, it results to presenting itself as a science where it focuses in objectively solving problems by value-neutral planners.   Yet another dimension describes planning as an art of decision and plan making. Planning systems have revolved over time in the need to organize and regulated human society and its surroundings. Diverse societies all over the worlds over centuries have diverse sets of values. Planning systems and their roles change over time due to change of societal values and the advent of technological developments, hence the need to understand the context of social and historical changes.   Theories found in planning focus on how to go about carrying out planning. They focus on procedural matters as compared to substantial matters. They deal with issues such as design methods, decision making, organizations and community action. These could be said to be prescriptive theories because they explain of how to go about carrying our planning tasks.          What is of most important to note is that, planning must work hand in hand with the element of time. Planning should be time sensitive since we do not plan for the past but for the future. Besides, ideas tend to change over time with the outdated ideas exiting o pave way for the current ideas, with a certain capacity of individuals and the society having to carry volumes of ideas within their span of consideration at one time. T here are five schools of planning theory. They include; rational –comprehensive planning theory, advocacy planning theory, incremental list planning theory, and the two branches of communicative planning theory: planning as consensus-seeking and management of conflicts.

The US Congress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The US Congress - Essay Example Senator Spector's website contained the same constituency topics; including flags, touring DC, appointments to military academies and internships; and actually had one more than Lott - how to get grants. His home page though was a bit more crowded and the major topic buttons were not as easily recognizable as Lott's; to his benefit, though, he had an email signup form on the front page and his office locations and phone numbers. Unlike Lott's page though, Spector had no search bar. The information on Wicker's home page was sparse at best. His navigation buttons were difficult to read and small which could make it very difficult for an older person. Also his main topic buttons had no drop down menus and instead of grouping categories together he too many individual tabs. He had no search bar. Lastly, Lewis' webpage was set up nicely. His category buttons were easy to locate, although they did not have drop down menus. He did, however, have two search bars: one for general searches and a Bill search which was innovative. He did not have a state map as did the two senators. All four of the congressman had a great deal of partisan information within their websites, although some were more blatant than others. Lewis' home page was mainly taken up with information on Bills, projects or acts he was personally involved with. However, his latest news was dated January 18 which made me wonder what he had been doing for three months. Wicker's home page dedicated almost half of the home page to hurricane relief aid. The lower portion had current news release links to his sponsored bills as well as three columns he pens. Spector's latest news was dated April 6th so information is being updated fairly frequently and like the others his news all dealt with legislations or committees is was actively working on. He did have an article, however, about bipartisan cooperation in oil and gas price discussions. Lastly, Lott's press release section was less cluttered with only one release displayed and a button to see more. He also had a link to his weekly radio address w hich according to the website he has been doing a weekly address since 1973. Of the four web pages Lott had the least partisan information portrayed on the main page. All four Congressmen have lengthy biographies posted on their websites explaining in detail the professional lives as well as their background and family information. Wicker has an extensive photo gallery. Lewis has the shortest biography of the four congressmen. One thing I did not like is the first paragraph spoke about his personal insurance business; ever the salesman I suppose. His photo gallery was set up nicely with different headings to select from which made it very neatly organized. Lott's biography was nicely laid out with his main headings labeled. This allows the readers to scan through for the particular area they are seeking. Lott only had one photo, his official Senate photo. Spector's biography was also nicely laid out clear and concise with nice visual representations. Spector also had no photo gallery which made me question if it was a Senate mandated, a Senate unofficial mandate or just a coincidence. Of the total appearance of the websites, by far, the most appealing was that of Lott. He had much better use of space. The pages did not seem as cluttered as that of Wicker and Lewis. Spector's page was laid out well too,

Quality of Nursing and Diversity

Quality of Nursing and Diversity Critically discuss how an understanding and application of the concepts of diversity, cultural competence and equality can help to improve the quality of nursing care in today’s diverse healthcare settings for a diverse service-user population The Office of National Statistics (2014) displays how the population of Britain is becoming increasingly diverse due to migration, with 560,000 people migrating to Britain between March 2013 and March 2014; a significant increase from 492,000 people in the previous 12 months. Globalisation; which is the increasing integration of economies and societies has a profound effect on migration and health. For example the ease of accessibility of borders for services and trade removes the boundaries for migration and increases the production and marketing of products such as tobacco which have an adverse effect on health (Wamala and Kawachi 2007). The increasing movement of countries into the European Union (EU) also removes the boundaries to migration as the European commission state that individuals who hold European citizenship have rights to free movement and residency within the EU(EU 2014). The acceleration of globalisation and the growth in migration means the NHS have to care for an increasingly diverse service-user population who have a range of health needs which presents many issues and challenges for nursing care. Blakemore (2013) recognised how research by Macmillan cancer support found that patients from Black minority ethnic (BME) groups experience increased challenges and poor treatment compared to white British cancer patients; such as lack of compassion and poor and ineffective communication. This is an example of how diverse groups can receive poor quality care and highlights the need for nurses to understand and apply the concepts of diversity, cultural competence and equality to evade this diminished care. This essay will explore, discuss and critique these concepts when looking at how they can improve the quality of nursing care in today’s diverse healthcare settings for a diverse service-user population. Diversity is defined by Dayer-berenson (2014) as the ‘individual differences of the human race’ which should be ‘accepted, respected, embraced and celebrated by society’. The differences encompass many factors such age, religion, ethnicity and sexual orientation, all which shape an individual to be unique. This definition however fails to acknowledge that differences exist within each unique factor. For example in ethnic groups; where although common characteristics such as language and origin are shared, differences within the ethnic group still do exist such the extent to which the individual practices their religion, and the culture to which the individual identifies to (Henley and Schott 1999). The National Health Service (NHS)(2011) expand on this definition by recognising that diversity includes ‘visible and non-visible’ differences. Recognition of this is important in clinical practice as non –visible differences such as values and beliefs will not be established unless nurses effectively communicate and assess there patients values, needs and prefences. This will prevent the assumption that all members of one ethnicity act as another as mentioned previously, and therefore avoid stereotyping. Henley and Schott (1999) recognise how stereotyping will result in inadequate nursing care as people distance themselves from those they see as different, causing them to have a lack of consideration and respect for the individual, thus diminishing care. Furthermore, when assessing the values and beliefs of diverse patients, nurses must avoid holding an ethnocentric attitude. Ethnocentrism is when people identify their own cultural ways as superior to others, creating an attitude that any other beliefs and values are wrong. This leads to inadequate care as other diverse beliefs, values and therefore needs; will be rendered as insignificant and may be ignored (Royal college of Nursing (RCN) 2014). Ethnocentric behaviour however is not always recognised by the individual and is therefore difficult to challenge, as through socialisation into their own cultural values and beliefs a viewpoint of what is ‘normal’ and ‘appropriate’ is created. This viewpoint is then used to often negatively judge diverse cultures that the individual comes across (Henley and Schott 1999). On the other hand Sharif (2012) views ethnocentrism as having a positive influence on healthcare in the United Kingdom. When looking at BME groups, South Asians are a high risk group for public health diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Sharif recognises the need for ethnocentric interventions to educate South Asian communities and to distinguish them as a group to further investigate the differences in epidemiology, pathophysiology and health outcomes. This view is opposed by The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC)(2010) who state in their standards for pre-registration nurses that nurses must strive for culturally diverse nursing care by practicing as holistic, non-judgemental and sensitive nurses, avoiding assumption, recognising individual choice and acknowledging diversity. Therefore nurses must adhere to this code by avoiding stereotypical and ethnocentric attitudes which can be done through assessing and recognising patients as individuals. This will result in high quality care which is essential for a diverse service user population. Respecting individual patient diversity results in respecting equality which is the elimination of discrimination and disadvantage through respecting the rights of individuals and promoting equal opportunity for all. Nurses working within an organisation must comply to the Equality Act 2010 which protects 12 diverse characteristics such as age, disability and religon from discrimation and disadvantage (Equality and Human Rights Commison 2014). In healthcare this is done through the implementation of policies and guideance, however Talbot and Verrinder (2010) highlight how equality policies can express the need for patients to receive equal care regardless of characteristics and background. This ignores personal choice and therefore disregardards individuality and diversity; producing poor quality care. When looking at equality further nurses can promote equality through ensuring everyone has equal and full access to health care. It is recognised that BME patients have a poor uptake of healthcare services compared to white British patients for several reasons such as; language barriers, negative experiences and inadequate information (Henley and Schott 1999,Washington and Bowles et al 2008). Dayer-berenson (2014) however identifies that barriers to healthcare are not just due to racial factors but also socio-economic factors. Nimakok and Gunapala et al (2013) expand on this further by recognising that individuals from BME communities are more likely to be of poor socio-economic status than their white counterparts ; due to factors such as low income and poor housing quality. Nurses must therefore be in the position to promote equality through endorsing equal access to healthcare and complying to equality policies. This must be done whilist respecting individual patients and their di versity which produces culturally competenet nurses and thus high quality care for the diverse service user population. Cultural competence is defined by Papadopolus and Tilki et al. (2003) as the act of respecting the cultural differences of patients in order to provide effective and appropriate care. This is a brief definition which fails to include all aspects of being a culturally competent practicioner, which arguably involves more than respecting cultural differences which will later be explored (McClimens and Brewster et al. 2014). Leininger (1997) states that cultural competence is the goal of providing culturaly congruent, compent and compassionate care through holisticly looking at culture, health and illness patterns and respecting the similarities and differences in cultural values and beliefs.This definition fails to recognise that cultural competence Is never a completed goal but an ongoing process (Dean 2010), however it recognises the importance of looking at the similarties within cultures. This increases the nurses ability to understand and meet the patients full range of needs thus producing culturally competent care (Henley and Schott 1999). Cultural competent nursing care is essential for enusuring high quality care in the increasingly diverse service user population, with The NHS stating that it provides a comprenhesive service for all regardless of background and characteristcs and In consideration of each individuals human rights. Respect for equality and diversity are two important aspects of The NHS`s vison and values as highlighted in this statement; and through culturally competent care these values can be achieved (McClimens and Brewster et al. 2014, NHS 2014). Educating health care professionals on culturally competent care is therefore important with Hovat and Horey et al. (2014) looking at the effects of educational cultural competence interventions for healthcare proffesionals on healthcare outcomes. The review found that health behaviour such as concordance to treatment was improved however they also acknowledged that there quality of evidence was poor and that cultural competence is still a developing stratergy, therefore further research is needed to establish its effectiveness on healthcare outcomes. Dayer-Berenson (2014) however, states how culturally competent care does produce positive healthcare outcomes and therefore high quality care as through culturally competent practice, cultural sensitivity can be developed. This will bridge the gap between the healthcare professional and the patient which allows the patient to feel understood, respected and supported. There are various models which offer an understanding of cultural competence and a process for developing cultural competence to allow for high quality care. Campinha-Bacote developed the `The Process of Cultural Competence in the Delivery of Healthcare Services model’ in 1998 which looks at how the healthcare professional must work within the cultural context of the patient and ‘become’ culturally competent rather than ‘be’ culturally competent. Campinha-Bacote sees becoming culturally competent as an ongoing process which involves the constructs of cultural awareness, knowledge, skill, encounters and desire Campinha-Bacote (2002). When looking at cultural awareness; which is the process of the nurse exploring there own cultural and professional background and any bias towards other cultures, Dayer-Berenson (2014) agrees nurses need to be aware of there own culture so that they can step outside of it when necessary and care for patients only in terms of their needs. This will reduce misunderstandings and misjudgements and therefore failures in care, allowing for high quality care for the diverse service user population. On the other hand this model has some weaknesses. When looking at the construct of cultural skill which Campinha-Bacote (2002) defines as the collection of relevant cultural data through cultural assessment in regards to the patients presenting problem, Leishman (2004) identifies some issues. Her study on perspectives of cultural competence in healthcare found that nurses do not agree that the personal beliefs and values of patients should be impinged upon as Camphinha-Bacote suggests in her model. Leishmans study found that this may impact the patients overall impression on the care they receive and that individual patient needs irrespective of culture should be the focus of care. This view argues that patient centered care is favourable over cultural competence when caring for a diverse patient population . Patient centered care describes care which is centred around the individual and their needs with inclusion of families and carers in decisions about treatment and care (Manley and Hills et al. 2011). It is a philiosphy which is embedded at the forefront of all patient care, with a recent inquiry comminsed by the Royal College of General Practicioners (2014) emphasising the importance of patient centred care in the 21st century to meet the challenging and changing needs of patients; such as the increase in the diverse patient population. Kleinmans explanatory model of illness offers an alternative approach for looking at cultural competence as it supports the delivery of person centred care. The model contains steps that the healthcare professional can use to communicate with their patients. The steps look at several issues such as; establishment of the patients ethnic identity and what It means to them, how an episode of illness can effect the patient and their family, what the illness means to the patient, and how a cultural competent approach may help or hinder the patients care (NHS Flying Start 2014 , Kleinman and Benson 2006). By eliciting the patients and their families views and explanations of their illness the model allows for patient centred care. Also the cross cultural communication and recognition of any conflicts in values and beliefs which need negotiating produces culturally competent care (Hark and DeLisser 2009, Misra-Herbert 2003). The model has further strengths which also allow for high quality care as recognised by Kleinman and Benson (2006) who state that the model allows practicioners to set there knowledge alongside the patients own views and explanations which avoids an ethnocentric attitude. On the other hand the model is focused on the interaction between doctors and patients so it is therefore questionable as to wether this model can be applied to the nursing care of a diverse service user population (Misra-Hebert 2003). The acceleration of globalisation and therefore increase in migration means that the NHS have to care for an increasingly diverse service user population. To give high quality nursing care to their patients nurses must understand apply the concepts of diversity, equality and cultural competence. This essay has shown how this can be done by ensuring their practice is underpinned by legal and ethical principles and through respecting the diversity of all through treating patients as individuals and avoiding stereotypical and ethnocentric attitudes. Respecting diversity can also endorse equality which nurses can also encourage through promoting equal access to healthcare for all. Finally nurses must be culturally competenet practicioners by respecting diversity and equality and through the implication of models although further research is needed as cultural competence is a developing concept with other principles such as patient centered care also being seen as essential in nursing pra ctice. 2,180 1

Cutie as a Metaphor of the Mind in Asimovs Reason Essay -- Asimov Rea

Cutie as a Metaphor of the Mind in Asimov's Reason Using one's reason to the highest ability is considered to be a virtue in our society. Reason and logic have a lucid quality that is reassuring to human interaction. Ultimately, humanity prizes itself for its ability to logically explain our observations by using reason. Another facet of the human mind is to be inquisitive, to constantly ask questions about our surroundings. Both these facets are shown by the main character, "Cutie," in Asimov's "Reason." This thought-provoking story uses Cutie, a robot, as a metaphor of the human mind, and on a larger scale, humanity itself. Closer analysis of "Reason" will allow an indepth understanding of :- (1) how the reasoning process is used to formulate a belief by Cutie, (2) how the human mind uses reason to deal with that which is unknown to humanity. In "Reason," Asimov cleverly uses a robot as an analogy of the human mind. The reader becomes aware of this as the conversation of Powell, the human supervisor, and Cutie unfolds at the beginning of the story. Cutie possesses an innate curiosity and asks a question that has preoccupied human beings since the dawn of mankind: what is the purpose of my existence? This is a symbol of the human mind's inquisitive nature. Cutie also uses the word, "intuition," (Asimov 96) and this too indicates that Cutie is Asimov's representation of human nature. The discourse with Powell also enables the reader to witness how Cutie uses reason to explain his existence. By doing so, Asimov shows how a human mind can reason and formulate a belief. To resolve the uncertainty of his existence, Cutie begins his reasoning from concrete... ...l with the abstract, and unknown aspects of living (e.g. death, existence etc.) by building belief systems that allow a purposeful life. On a large scale society can also create belief systems to explain mankind's existence, and observations of this universe. Whether these beliefs are illusions or the absolute truth do not affect us as a functioning society. The question that Asimov leaves in the reader's mind is, 'Is our society built upon a web of beliefs that creates a comfortable illusion of all observations?' Will we ever know the truth to abstract questions pertaining to life, and the REASON of our existence? Or will we always live with inaccurate beliefs-- based on reason and incorrect postulates-- to resolve these questions. These thought-provoking questions shakes the reader's confidence of humanity's ability to find the truth by reasoning correctly.

Indenting

Indenting Principles of indenting: – ? Budget. ? Type of Establishment. ? Method of Preparation. ? Availability in Season. ? Place of Availability. ? Left overs in Hand. 1] Budgeting: – Budget of an orgnisation. A fixed indenting that means amount of money which is spent for a particular dish. e. g. : – A particular dish can be prepared by using expensive items as given in the original recipe, but if it does not fit the budget some manipulation have to be done use of substitutes n inferior quality ingredients can be used. Portion size can be reduced keeping the price of the dish constant which will directly affect indenting. ] Type of Establishment: – The amount of food required for different places is different. e. g. : – Industrial canteens serve 150 gms of rice per portion whereas rice served in a buffet or banquet party of a 5 star hotel is 40-50 gms per portion. 3] Method of Preparation: – It also affect indenting that means many ways ca n be used to prepare n get a desire result. For a dish n amount of ingredients vary directly due to the different methods of preparation. e. g. : – Rice can be prepared by draining method or absorption method the yield in draining method is much more than absorption method.So it affects indenting. 4] Availability in Season: – Food ingredients available in the season should be used for preparing a dish which affect indenting directly. e. g. : – In preparation of Aloo Mutter during season fresh peas should be indented n in off season dried or frozen. 5] Place of Availability: – For purchasing of food ingredients in hotel and organizations, tenders are invited and suppliers with the lower quotation and good quality get the order. The quantity is considered while indenting the price which should be reasonably low than other quotation. 6] Leftovers in Hands: –They are used to make up new dishes and serve to the customers as today’s special. This helps the organisations to control wastage of food and the additional item will also reduce indenting of goods. Portion for Bulk Production Quantity and portion for bulk production are as follows: – A] Rice: – †¢ Absorption Method: – 100 gms per portion. †¢ Draining Method: – 75-80 gms per portion. †¢ Industrial Canteen: – 125-150 gms per portion. †¢ Buffet: – 40-50 gms per portion. Proportion of rice and Vegs is 2:1 and rice and mutton is 4:3. B] Indian Breads: – C] Mutton: – †¢ Mutton with bones 125 gms per portion. Without bones 80 gms per portion. †¢ If served in a thali 40-50 gms per portion. †¢ Minced meat 60 gms per portion. †¢ Chicken with bone 125 gms per portion. †¢ Chicken with bone 75 gms per portion. †¢ Avearge or Std wt of Chicken is 1. 36 kg. †¢ 1 Kg of boneless chicken in gives 450-500 gms. †¢ Tandoori chicken is served 2 portion from per chicken. †¢ Roast chicken is served 4 portion from a chicken. †¢ Chicken used for gravies 8 portion from per chicken. †¢ Chicken used in soups 30 gms per portion. D] Fish: – – 1 std fish gives 5 portion and 2 or 4 fillets which is 80 gms per portion. – Prawns without shelling 120 gms per portion.After shelling 100 gms per portion. E] Veg: – ? Besan used 250 gms for 1 kg of potatoes ? Oil 7. 5ml per wada. ? 1 kg of sago- 50 wada. F] Dal: – 1. 30 gms per portion but when served in a buffet 10-12 gms per portion. Chana, Rajma, Chawli – 40 gms per portion becomes double after boiling and 120 gms of gravy after preparation. 2. 1 kg of udid dal gives 55 nos of medu wadas. 3. 1 kg of chana dal gives 45 nos of dal wadas. 4. For idlis rice and dal proportion is 2:1. 1 kg will give 40 dosa. 5. 1 coconut gives 200 ms of coconut which serve 30 people. 6. Pickles 0. 5 per portion. 7. Papad 1 per portion. 5-30 nos per packet. G] Desserts: – †¢ Sheera 40 gms of rawa 30 gms sugar, 10 gms of fat, 80-100 ml of water or milk for 1 porion. †¢ Semiyan Kheer, Semiya 15 gms, milk 100 ml, sugar 30-40 gms, fat 10-15 gms per portion. If dry semiyas is made 45-50 gms is taken for one portion and milk is reduce accordingly. †¢ Gulab Jamun, 1kg of mawa-80 gulab jamun. 200 gms of refined flour for binding 2 kg of sugar for syrup. †¢ Jalebi, 1 kg of maida, 200 gms of bean, 200 ml of oil, 200 gms curd and 2 kg of sugar for syrup. †¢ Boondis, 1kg of besan- 5kg of sweet boondies, suagr 2. 5 kg. 1 kg of besan gives 2. 5-3 kg of Khara Boondi. Custard for 2 portion, 1 egg, 30 gms sugar, 150 ml milk, 7-8 gms gelatine. †¢ Rasgullas, 1 ltr of milk gives 300-400 gms cottage cheese which gives 40 rasugullas, suagr 2 kg for syrup. Practical difficulties involved in indenting: – Indenting is similar to requisition which is an inter-department document sent for a particular requirement which may be dry goods, food stuf fs, cleaning materials or stationery. However in terms of food it is always referred to an indent which means a document stating requirement of goods in terms of description, quality specification, units and quantity required etc. t is sent to the stores. Stores collect indent from various department and collectively place order to the supplier to send such material on a specified date and time. Factors affecting indenting in the terms just explained above it is not easy when indenting for smaller quantity for 1 recipe because 1 batch of goods would be excess for that recipe. Indenting for a 1000 meal or buffet or banquet or coffee shop or industrial canteen is much easier than indenting. For single portion the factors considered while in denting for large quantity are:- ] No of persons: – Larger the number of people lesser the quantity. 2] No of items on the menu: – More the no of items quality are less. 3] Choice provided on the menu. 4] No of non-veg items on the me nu. 5] Vegetarian alternatives. 6] No of vegetarians. 7] Beef, Mutton, Chicken etc eaten. 8] Inclusion of Indian bread. 9] Types of Clientele. 10] Choice of desserts provided. 11] Consistency of the dish. E. g. thick or thin gravies. 12] Selling price of the menu. 13] par stock of raw material. 14] Mise-en-place to be done. 15] Type of service. E. g. Banquet, buffets or table service[pic][pic]

An Inspector Calls- How Priestly Presents Arthur Birling Essay

Arthur Birling is a self-centred man intent on climbing the class ladder, even at the expense of his family and employees. He regularly uses his obsessive behaviour over status to invoke popularity or power within a particular crowd, which is evident in the very first scenes of the play when Birling says to Gerald: ‘It’s exactly the same port your father gets from him’, suggesting Mr Birling bought it in order to imitate a more prominent societal figure as well as to gain a rapport with Croft. Similarly, Birling tries this technique with the Inspector, however this time to gain leverage over him by asking if he sees much of ‘Chief Constable, Colonel Roberts’, following up his threat with a disclosure of his superiority; â€Å"He’s an old friend of mine†¦I see him fairly. We play golf together†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This was intended to make the Inspector feel belittled and impressed by Birling’s relationship with the Chief Constable, however Priestly makes this decidedly lost on the Inspector, because as a symbol of socialism, he wouldn’t care. One thing Priestly in particular was grateful for after the World Wars was the newfound merging of classes, reflected her in An Inspector Calls by the Inspector’s indifference towards Birling’s titles and wealth. It shows that Birling, regardless of how much money he has or who he knows, is still being investigated for neglecting his social responsibilities. This ultimately shows Socialism as uncorrupted when juxtaposed against the 1912 society where the belief was that if you were rich enough, you weren’t guilty of anything, which is why Birling is outraged by the Inspector’s visit; â€Å"†¦we’re respectable citizens and not criminals!† Despite the possibility that Mr Birling perhaps had an uneasy upbringing, occasionally indicated by his faux pars, which his wife readily berates him for (‘(reproachfully) Arthur, you’re not supposed to say such things-‘), Priestly leaves no room for the audience to sympathise with Birling because in doing so, Capitalism would be accommodated for. To remedy this, Birling is presented as a fool to the modern and 1945 audience by describing the Titanic as ‘†¦unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable.’ As well as wrongly predicting that there wouldn’t be war. As a result, the audiences, likely emotionally affected by these events, would be angered at Mr Birling’s stupidity, making him instantly unlikeable. Coincidentally, J.B Priestly transforms the illusion of grand Capitalism to one of supreme naivety at  Birling’s failure to see past his own self-importance. This sides the audience with what seems to be the only other option that they won’t condemn themselves to this 1912 attitude; Socialism. In essence, Priestly shows that Birling and people like him are a negative part of society because of their refusal to hold any responsibility for anyone other than themselves; â€Å"I can’t accept responsibility†. This in turn steers the audience away from Capitalism by using Mr Birling’s selfishness as a warning to us all: If we don’t accept the responsibility we owe to other people, then no matter who we are, or which walk of life we come from, we will be as foolish as Mr Birling.

How are you doing on your New Year’s Resolutions

How are you doing on your New Year’s Resolutions Every year I not only post my New Year’s â€Å"Ressaylutions† in January, but also report on my progress in August (well, last year I did my mid-year check-in in September). Why do I do this? Because like most humans, my memory is short. It’s so easy to lose track of the promises I made eight months ago. And I don’t want to find myself in January 2016 in the same place I was a year before. Do you remember your 2015 New Year’s goals? Did you write them down? If so, this is a good time to assess your progress and recommit so you can create new, forward-moving goals for 2016! The Essay Expert’s 2015 â€Å"Ressaylutions† and Current Status: Increase college essay / personal statement portion of my business to 25% of business. †¨This goal continues to elude me. I have been getting more referrals from resume writers for this type of work, following a presentation I gave last year at the National Resume Writers’ Association conference. And I appeared on Channel 3 TV the morning of July 31 for 3 minutes (an eternity for TV news) talking about college essay topics. I look forward to September through November which are the busiest admissions consulting months of the year! Roll out a new â€Å"responsive† (mobile-friendly) website.†¨ Made huge progress on this one! TheEssayExpert.com has launched in its new form and is mobile-friendly! I still have work to do to make the site the way I want it, but I feel like I fulfilled on this promise. Implement Infusionsoft.†¨This has largely happened. My e-lists have been transferred to Infusionsoft and clients now receive automated messages that ensure we will not lose track of them or their projects! The launch had a number of glitches and we’re still working out the kinks, but I definitely came through on this one- with MAJOR help from my assistant Jeanne and from Jeremy at WhoKnowsAGuy Media! Serve 250 clients.†¨ Total clients this year is 72, largely due to changes in the number of clients coming to me through my e-book. I am looking at my lead generation strategies and will be working furiously on my website’s SEO in order to generate more leads. Publish a print version of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile.†¨ This was a huge project, and it’s close to done! The book is formatted and I have a proof which I have now reviewed cover to cover. Once my multitude of edits are complete, we will go to print! I expect the book to help out with Ressaylution #4, increasing my client base at universities and in the Amazon market. Implement a robust referral program. This project has been on hold while I focus on website, Infusionsoft, and print book. I might bump it to 2016! In the meantime, however, people who refer paying clients to The Essay Expert can expect a gift from us! Create more internal systems/guidelines. I have made progress in this area, adding and clarifying items in my agreements with my writers and also revamping some of the terms of service for clients. This is an ongoing project and will never end! I am likely not going to fulfill all my Ressaylutions for 2015, but I’m pretty close on most of them! Checking in on my promises helps me see how much I’ve accomplished and where the gaps are. I wonder what I’ll be creating in 5 months for 2016? How are you doing on your New Year’s Resolutions? Can you reinject energy into completing them? Please share! Category:UncategorizedBy Brenda BernsteinAugust 10, 2015 2 Comments Crystal says: August 18, 2015 at 11:49 pm Thanks for the awesome advice! In previous years, I have written down my goals for the year; however, I never thought about conducting a midyear check to see how I was progressing. This year, I decided to do things slightly different with my goals. I got together with a group of friends and we had a Vision Board party. I found the vision board works well for me because I am visual person. I just need to focus on SMART goals. I am looking forward to sharing what I accomplished this year. Still, I have a couple of months to go. I am now re-energized to finish strong. Log in to Reply Brenda Bernstein says: August 19, 2015 at 10:50 am Youre welcome Crystal. I love the idea of a mid-year visioning party! I look forward to hearing about your end-of-year accomplishments! Log in to Reply

Essay on Chapter 2 Terminology 3

Essay on Chapter 2 Terminology 3 Essay on Chapter 2 Terminology 3 Briefly describe the following terminologies: 1. Chemical changes The changes that occurs in the structure and composition of the matter is known as the chemical change. It is irresible and one directional. 2. Compound The chemical substance that is formed by the composition of two or more than two elements combined in fixed proportion. It is result of the chemical change between the elements. 3. Element Element is the purest form of matter that can neither be created nor can be destroyed. 4. Atomic Number The number of electron or the number of protons in aen electrically neutral atom is known as the atomic Number. It is usully denoted by A. It is typical number that helps to determine the chemical and physical properties of an atom. In an neutral atom, Atomic Number(A)= Number of electron= Number of the Proton 5. Mass Number Mass number of an atom is the sum of the mass of the sub-atomic particle of an atom, particularly neutron and electron ( the mass of electron is negligible). Thus, mass number is the mass of the nucleus of an atom. It is usually denoted by the letter Z. Mass Number= Mass of Proton+ Mass of Neutron 6. Isotopes Isotopes are the different form of the elements with atomic number but different mass number. It usually differ in the number of the neutrons. Example, Chlorine-36 and Chlorine-37 are Isotopes. 7. Mole Mole is the quantity of any matter that contain the Avagardo number of it. Avogadro Number= 6.023*10^23 For example: 1 mole of Carbon atom=

A Study on College Stress Management

A Study on College Stress Management Going to college for the first time is an exciting experience for most. College students have opportunities that weren’t so easily accessible before going to campus, and they have the freedom to find themselves. While mom and dad aren’t there to hold their child’s hand anymore, the student is more likely to face new challenges, or similar challenges to those faced before. According to the 2015 National College Health Assessment, 30% of students reported that stress had had a negative impact on their academic performance. College stress can be caused by poor time management skills, pressure to excel, and lack of creating new relationships with peers. According to Coccia and Darling, common stress inducers could be caused simply by personal characteristics, social interactions and personal behaviors. Personal characteristics such as gender and age have proven to be predictors of stress. For example, females tend to have higher stress levels than males. Females have been reported to have greater concern with social and romantic relationships and have greater rates of social anxiety and depression than men of the same age (Catherine Coccia Carol A. Darling, 2014). In college, one of the first problems a student will typically face is learning how to manage their time in the most efficient way possible. Different class schedules and deciding the best way to spend their time outside of class is a very difficult task. Due to living by a set schedule for most of one’s life, the ability to have control over their schedule is a new experience for a student. Dr. Gregory Jantz, psychologist and author of How to De-Stress Your Life, says, â€Å"We actually create more stress from not being good time stewards.† Time management has proven to be a cause of severe stress in college students due to the inability to accurately factor in all aspects of the student’s schedule such as classes, breaks between classes, study and homework time, and even the time the student should plan to eat meals throughout the day. While at college, students feel a higher pressure to excel in all aspects of their lives, especially academically. This pressure can be put on the student by his or her parents or other close family constantly telling the student that they need to keep their grades up, go to every class, or by hovering. The student may also feel pressured to excel because they may be a first-generation college student and feel they must prove they deserve the ability to go to college and make their family proud. While the signs of this excess pressure to succeed can be beneficial to the student, it may also over stress the student. Dr. Turner from The Mayo Clinic suggests reaching out to others such as friends or family for help. Stress can lead to severe depression and if not treated properly, the symptoms may get too far out of control for the student to be able to handle the depression on their own. Symptoms of depression include appetite changes, defensive and quick mood changes, irritability, an d altered sleep patterns. Depression can be caused by stress and is a serious mental illness that can be avoided and helped if done properly. Dr. Turner recommends seeking help from a psychiatrist if the situation becomes too difficult to handle. This disease can become detrimental to one’s health if help is not sought out and the situation is not handled properly. As each person has his or her own way of taking care of depression, if the cause is not identified to its full extent, the illness may worsen. Relationships in college are a vital part of each student’s experience. As a student, one may feel detached and soon become depressed if social interaction is not a key part of his or her daily routine. â€Å"Something I hear repeatedly is students are impatient in college to form the friend network that they had at home in their communities,† says Dr. Nancy Stockton, director of Counseling and Psychological Services at Indiana University. The distance from peers may cause students to feel as though they are not worthy of friendship or romantic relationships, making them either shut themselves off from other students more or making them feel the need to reach out to their peers for help and acceptance. Elizabeth Scott from About.com said, â€Å"Knowing who is toxic to you and safe guarding a little bit [can] keep the stress from happening.† The stress she speaks of can come from â€Å"wishy-washy friends† who are supportive one minute and negative the next . Dr. Gregory Jantz, psychologist and author of How to De-Stress Your Life, says, â€Å"We actually create more stress from not being good time stewards.† Time management has proven to be a cause of severe stress in college students along with inadequate relationship building. Failure to release endorphins is a problem with many college students and people in general. To not release endorphins regularly can lead to built up tension and overstressed bodies and minds. The Mayo Clinic reports that exercise is one of the best de-stressors. Exercise releases endorphins, improves one’s mood, and helps one become more fit and healthy overall. When one is living a hectic lifestyle, finding time to schedule in a trip to the gym may be difficult. Luckily, more convenient forms of exercise such as yoga or gardening, can help stressed students to release the endorphins needed to lift their mood and reduce stress. These forms of exercise work and calm the mind at the same time. These activities also lower one’s blood pressure and can be very beneficial to one’s overall health and wellness (Erlanger A. Turner). A study was conducted by Sandra Lenz based off other journals and studies about college stress and why students are showing higher rates of extreme stress while enduring what is said to be the best four years of ones’ life. Lenz took part in this study so that college student, parents, professors and others alike could better understand why college students have higher stress rates as years pass and coping mechanisms that can be used to combat the stress. Sandra starts by discussing that many factors are present in the cause of stress and the way each student copes. With many other studies feeding the research that Sandra takes on, she was able to put together a well-rounded study. One of the first coping styles that Lenz speaks about is task-oriented coping. She refers to homework being a probable cause of stress in college students. The task-oriented coping means that a student is more likely to get the homework done before he or she takes a moment to consider how the stress is affecting them. The student will directly confront the source of his or her stress without beating around the bush. The second form of coping that Lenz described is called emotion-oriented coping, meaning there is a specific cause of the stress the student is facing. Instead of focusing his or her energy on completing the task, say it is back to the homework analogy, the student will focus harder on understanding and controlling their emotional state towards the situation and completely forget about completing the homework. Lenz says that the third and final form of coping is avoidance coping. Avoidance coping is when the student has decided to avoid the cause of the stress they are ex periencing all together. If the cause of the stress is homework, according to Lenz, the student will avoid the homework completely and this is how the student will handle their stress. Lenz’s study shows that while emotion-oriented coping is the most used tactic for dealing with stress in college, the other two forms she wrote about are not unused, just not as regularly used by the students as emotion-oriented. The results of the study that Lenz conducted show that students have different needs and how each student deals with his or her stress varies immensely. There are many causes to stress and college students have a higher rate of stress than middle aged workers. Learning to handle stress on one’s own time is a challenge, but there are endless ways to learn to help oneself. Exercise, yoga, taking time to pamper yourself and deciding in one’s mind how to handle stress are only a few of the options available for coping with this burden, but there are many more tactics to be considered.

Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve - Essay Example This site is also famous for its bio diversity. As per the findings of UNESCO (World Heritage Nomination, 1992), a number of more than 500 new species of fauna have been discovered in Mount Nimba Reserve and there are more than 200 endemic species. The species diversity found here is rich because of the variety of eco tones created by the presence of grasslands which are tied with the forest. The mammals of Mount Nimba include bushbuck, black duiker, bay duiker, forest buffalo, bush pig, white-bellied pangolin, pygmy hippopotamus, leopard, lion, golden cat, two-spotted palm civet, African civet, forest genet, Johnston's genet, cane rat, African clawless otter, lesser otter shrew and chimpanzees. Apart from the animals, there are a number of rare and endemic bird species as well here in. The forests also contain numerous reptile and amphibian species including West African toad and much variety of frogs (World Heritage Nomination, 1992). This biodiversity includes flora as well. When it comes to the biological interrelationship among the life forms, we should consider the food chain. The bottom tier of the food chain is constituted by the flora including grasses, trees and shrubs. The second tier of the food chain consists of all the animals such as deer and buffaloes that assume plants and grass for their food. Finally, the predators include leopards and lions. The existence of one section is impossible in the absence of another section. Thus, all sections are equally important as they depend on each other for food and existence. Though Mount Nimba was not much affected by human intrusions, it had a severe threat in 1992 by an international consortium as it came forward proposing an iron ore mining site in this area. In addition to this, a large number of refugees from Liberia invaded this park for their inhabitation. As reported in United Nations Environment Programme (2008), The World Heritage Committee expressed its concern over the issue and placed Mount Ni mba among the list of world heritages in danger. In response to the Heritage Committee's concern about the impacts of mining and the refugees to the Mount Nimba, the Guinean Ministry for Energy and Environment in 1995 set up a Management Centre that is answerable to environmental and legal questions, for monitoring the water quality of the region, for socio-economic studies and integrated rural development. The strict prohibition of tourism prevents further human intrusion in the site (United Nations Environment Programme, 2008). On realizing the importance of keeping and preserving the heritage and sanctity of Mount Nimba, on 28 January 1989 a convention was signed by UNDP, UNESCO and the Guinean government to initiate a two-year project to study the impact of traditional agricultural methods and iron ore extraction etc, that disturbed the environmentalists for a while, on the natural values of the site. The project proposed included scientific studies to ascertain complete knowled ge of the reserve's extremely rich and immense ecosystems, and technical measures for monitoring and protecting the biodiversity in it. Being listed in the world heritages list by UNESCO, Mount Nimba is well protected. The prohibition of tourism in this area was as well in the belief that it would help the site to prosper without any hold back (World Heritage Nomination, 1992). There are a lot of things that a man can do to help

Wheeler, Chapter 3 Selling Consumption, 1880-1930 Consider primary Essay

Wheeler, Chapter 3 Selling Consumption, 1880-1930 Consider primary sources 1 through 19 - Essay Example Most department stores in the United States are tailored to deliver an emotional appeal, a strategy that has been used by marketers since after the civil war when women were the main targets for consumption. Retail therapy is a concept used in marketing making people purchased products to ease their emotional states. Conspicuous consumption in retail stores can be traced to attracting women as compared to men, using appealing painting, innovative lighting and other similar attractions that appeal to women’s eyes. The use of emotion is largely used in marketing photography. For instance, a photo showing the image of a woman is highly likely to be attractive.1This same approach is used in organizations marketing products to children. One of the images in the book has showed this, titled Christmas at Macy’s which shows two female children window-shopping for dolls. Class distinction is evident through the images in the chapter. The image of â€Å"Christmas at Macy’s, 1876† differentiates an affluent class from the underprivileged. The image depicts a mother and children peeping through a window and watching people conduct a myriad of activities. For instance Marshal Field and Company (1925 and 1927), promotes an image that shows a large building with several floors. Such an image shows prosperity and progress for 1925. The images confirm that there was an urban society at this time that was undergoing considerable urbanization. The advertisement about the eastern fair indicates an urban society that loves to celebrate. There are several events going on in the fair that define urbanization. Information on retail therapy and emotional appeals in marketing campaigns of retail stores shows that consumption is now mainly a female role and no longer a male role as was before. Currently, marketing strategies are aimed at impressing women more as compared to men. Additionally, there are more female-targeted consumption goods as compared to male

Professional Practice in Bioscience Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Professional Practice in Bioscience - Assignment Example Secondly, working with the professional staff of doctors, I expect to learn from their vast experience. They also have a variety of devices and medical technology such as an X-ray machine all, which I will become proficient at using making me a better future veterinary practitioner. As an intern at the Burwood hospital, have had to work as part of a team mostly with my fellow intern's assigned duties by the doctor in charge. One of the first duties we were assigned as interns was to carry out an inventory of the facility; we were divided into two teams of 3 each. One was assigned to the laboratories while the other (mine) was to inventory the equipment in the whole hospital. The first team finished a day before mine but accidentally one of them deleted the data they had collected and they were unable to recover it. I proposed we work together and help them redo their work in time, members of my group were however against the idea since it meant they would have to sacrifice their entire free Saturday to clean up someone else’s mess. I, however, convinced them to agree and assisted the other team for at least half the day. The doctor in charge had given us the Job as a team of six so he was not aware we were divided in two, therefore I knew if we delivered half complete work and blamed the other team it would reflect negatively on the whole team. However, even after our efforts to help them, their part of the inventory came up short after submission. It turned out that in the hurry to complete the job in time, they had overlooked tens of items, which resulted in the whole inventory inclusive of our part being canceled, and the team was asked to repeat the process under the supervisor of a senior veterinary doctor.

Professional 2 part 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Professional 2 part 1 - Essay Example In Australia, there is an estimated number of 24, 891 children suffering from Down Syndrome based on extrapolated statistics (Statistics by Country for Down Syndrome 2008). In Victoria, the incidence of this abnormality is 1 in every 481 births (Birth Defects – Trisomy Disorder 2007). It was reported that statistics would show that expectant Australian mothers who were apprised beforehand of the Down Syndrome condition of the child before birth terminate the pregnancy – a kind of genetic cleansing. Even during pregnancy, several tests can be done to find out if the fetus is positive with Down Syndrome like ultrasound, amniocentesis, and serum sampling (Mealy 2000). Down Syndrome is a congenital and genetic condition that was first identified and described by Dr. John Langdon-Down in 1866. In the 1960s, French cytogeneticist Dr. Jerome Lejune illustrated that the Syndrome is essentially caused by the presence of an extra chromosome in the cells of those afflicted with the syndrome. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (thus, 46 in all) which are stored in the nucleus of every human cell. Two of these chromosomes determine the sex (thus, sex chromosomes) and the rest decide other factors (autosomes). Each pair of chromosomes is a derivative from each parent (the mother and the father). In the person with the Down Syndrome, an extra chromosome is added which makes for a total of 47 instead of the usual 46 and one chromosome is not duplicated but triplicated, thus Down Syndrome is also called trisomy (from the root word tri or three) disorder. The chromosome which is triplicated in those with the genetic defect is chromosome 21 (see Fig. 1) (Lindee 2005 p. 103), with the numbering of chromosomes done in accordance with the international standard systems of nomenclature adopted during the Denver Conference in 1960. There are three kinds of Down Syndrome: Standard Trisomy

Highschool Dropouts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Highschool Dropouts - Research Paper Example Timely solutions are necessary especially since there has not been a substantial improvement in the figures even after the education reforms of the past few decades. Consequently, this essay explores the extend of high school dropout rate while suggesting the possible reasons why many students do not stay in school until graduation in addition to providing possible solutions to end the cycle. Statistics notes the current annual high school dropout figure to be 3,030,000(Education Week, 2013). The high number of high school dropouts in US educational system has not gone unnoticed given the number of national policies that have been put in place over the years to reverse the cycle. The year 1990 recorded a change in the way the state and federal government handled the issue of high school dropouts through adoption of six national goals that were to be achieved by the year 2000. The second goal in the six national goals underlies the government’s commitment towards improving the high school graduation rate up to 90 percent in addition to an undertaking which would see the prevailing gap in high school graduation rates among minority and non-minority students eliminated. The six national goals for the reduction of high school dropout rate has had a significant impact as seen from the decreasing levels of drop outs from 1990s figures of 9 percent for whites, 13.2 percent for African American and 32.4 percent for Hispanic to the 2009 dropout figures of 5.2 percent for whites and 9.6 percent for African American and 17.6 percent for the Hispanic. During the same period, high school dropout rates across gender and race reduced from 12.1 percent to 8.1 (Education Week, 2013) The number of high school dropouts has a significant impact on the social, cultural, political and economic ambitions of a country. The future of any country literary depends on the education of the children since they are future citizens, professionals, and leaders therefore making education the major tool for empowerment of a country’s citizenry in addition to the guaranteed development of personal, economic, and social well-being of the people in a society. Therefore, high drop outs reduce the number of qualified human resource from varied social backgrounds that are necessary for making essential public policies both in political and professional positions. As a consequence, in undertaking the educational journey students should be encouraged to remain in schools up to the graduation time for them to increase their knowledge skills and attitude that will make them adapt to their social responsibility, healthy, and be contributing citizens (Greenberg et al., 2003). Economically, high school dropouts earn lower pays on average compared to those who graduated where male dropouts of ages 25 to 65 had an annual average earning of about $26,400 compared to the average of $35,000 that male high school graduates earn annually which is still lower compared to $40,000 that a male college graduate in the same age bracket earned (Lofstrom, 2008). The current vicious cycle of high school dropout can be explored under different levels considering the fact the statistics are not even across different sex where the percentage of male at 9.1% is more than that of female at 7%, race

Professional Practice in Bioscience Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Professional Practice in Bioscience - Assignment Example Secondly, working with the professional staff of doctors, I expect to learn from their vast experience. They also have a variety of devices and medical technology such as an X-ray machine all, which I will become proficient at using making me a better future veterinary practitioner. As an intern at the Burwood hospital, have had to work as part of a team mostly with my fellow intern's assigned duties by the doctor in charge. One of the first duties we were assigned as interns was to carry out an inventory of the facility; we were divided into two teams of 3 each. One was assigned to the laboratories while the other (mine) was to inventory the equipment in the whole hospital. The first team finished a day before mine but accidentally one of them deleted the data they had collected and they were unable to recover it. I proposed we work together and help them redo their work in time, members of my group were however against the idea since it meant they would have to sacrifice their entire free Saturday to clean up someone else’s mess. I, however, convinced them to agree and assisted the other team for at least half the day. The doctor in charge had given us the Job as a team of six so he was not aware we were divided in two, therefore I knew if we delivered half complete work and blamed the other team it would reflect negatively on the whole team. However, even after our efforts to help them, their part of the inventory came up short after submission. It turned out that in the hurry to complete the job in time, they had overlooked tens of items, which resulted in the whole inventory inclusive of our part being canceled, and the team was asked to repeat the process under the supervisor of a senior veterinary doctor.

Highschool Dropouts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Highschool Dropouts - Research Paper Example Timely solutions are necessary especially since there has not been a substantial improvement in the figures even after the education reforms of the past few decades. Consequently, this essay explores the extend of high school dropout rate while suggesting the possible reasons why many students do not stay in school until graduation in addition to providing possible solutions to end the cycle. Statistics notes the current annual high school dropout figure to be 3,030,000(Education Week, 2013). The high number of high school dropouts in US educational system has not gone unnoticed given the number of national policies that have been put in place over the years to reverse the cycle. The year 1990 recorded a change in the way the state and federal government handled the issue of high school dropouts through adoption of six national goals that were to be achieved by the year 2000. The second goal in the six national goals underlies the government’s commitment towards improving the high school graduation rate up to 90 percent in addition to an undertaking which would see the prevailing gap in high school graduation rates among minority and non-minority students eliminated. The six national goals for the reduction of high school dropout rate has had a significant impact as seen from the decreasing levels of drop outs from 1990s figures of 9 percent for whites, 13.2 percent for African American and 32.4 percent for Hispanic to the 2009 dropout figures of 5.2 percent for whites and 9.6 percent for African American and 17.6 percent for the Hispanic. During the same period, high school dropout rates across gender and race reduced from 12.1 percent to 8.1 (Education Week, 2013) The number of high school dropouts has a significant impact on the social, cultural, political and economic ambitions of a country. The future of any country literary depends on the education of the children since they are future citizens, professionals, and leaders therefore making education the major tool for empowerment of a country’s citizenry in addition to the guaranteed development of personal, economic, and social well-being of the people in a society. Therefore, high drop outs reduce the number of qualified human resource from varied social backgrounds that are necessary for making essential public policies both in political and professional positions. As a consequence, in undertaking the educational journey students should be encouraged to remain in schools up to the graduation time for them to increase their knowledge skills and attitude that will make them adapt to their social responsibility, healthy, and be contributing citizens (Greenberg et al., 2003). Economically, high school dropouts earn lower pays on average compared to those who graduated where male dropouts of ages 25 to 65 had an annual average earning of about $26,400 compared to the average of $35,000 that male high school graduates earn annually which is still lower compared to $40,000 that a male college graduate in the same age bracket earned (Lofstrom, 2008). The current vicious cycle of high school dropout can be explored under different levels considering the fact the statistics are not even across different sex where the percentage of male at 9.1% is more than that of female at 7%, race

My Victory Essay Example for Free

My Victory Essay Whats happening? I heard the soldiers crying. I didnt understand how everything went wrong. First we were happy Then we were sad. It was like a blossoming flower caught in a storm. The knocking in my head wouldnt end. Were we so stupid all along? This is what happened We are going to win this war! my regiment sang happily. This was exactly what my mum always wanted me to be independent, have a family of my own and fight for my country! She would be so proud of me. Even though shed passed away a while back, she could still see me from heaven which she used to call a special place. Time flew past as we were on our way to win the war. We began digging up the damp mud to build our trenches. Our feet were sinking into the soft surface of the mud. The time had slowed down. Throughout the day, the clock ticked slower as if it has completely stopped. Our brightness had faded away. Even the smiles on our faces were forgotten. What happened? We had thought that we would win, that this war would be a war to end all wars. We thought this would be the Great War. So what was going to happen? Nobody knew. I had that feeling, which felt like the END! That feeling is fear. I was frightened that I was going to die. I was frightened that we were going to lose. I was frightened that it would get worse. And it did get worse. The Germans began to fire. My fear came back. The captain ordered us to cross no mans land; he said we had no choice. This was it. My heart was pounding like the footsteps of a running horse. We started to cross no mans land. My feet were hurting from standing in the muddy trenches. The land was so empty and lonely. I was so stiff from the coldness of the wind, trying to walk on the mud and scared to death. At if I got shot? I thought. The Germans were firing all around us and I could hear the fast beat of my blood drumming through my ears. I was motionless, trying to think of what to do. But it was too hard. At once all I could think about was my mum. Her words went through my head one day, youll find your victory! Its inside you from then on I knew exactly what to do. I knew that I would find my victory. I didnt care if my body was in pain. My mind was strong and thats what mattered. I dodged the bullets and fought so hard, running and shooting the Germans. But suddenly I felt a pain, a bigger sharper pain than Ive had before. It was just above my stomach, in the middle. It hurt so much. The ripping feeling was an agony. I looked down and saw blood everywhere. Id been shot! As I through my feet forward to walk, I couldnt take any more of the tearing pain. Slowly, I dropped to the muddy ground. Blood was running down my hands. The incapable agony of the burning bullet got worse and worse but I was still alive. And then Flash! through my eyes! Something wonderful had happened. The pain flew away, along with my fear. Flash! again, but this time I saw my whole life in a flashback right before my own eyes! It felt incredible. Everything went dark. And suddenly I saw my mum. She was standing in a bright light like an angel. This wasnt a memory this was a real fantasy. Her eyes filled with happiness. Her tears rolled down her cheeks and dripped of her lips. She was happy, and so was I. I knew that I would never lose her. I knew I found my victory.

Electoral Reform In Britain

Electoral Reform In Britain Electoral reform in britain was initiated by the reform act of 1867 and consequently first past the post was chosen as the best solution. This essay is trying to establish whether this voting system is still fit-for-purpose and whether there is a chance that it may be changed to a more proportional electoral system. It defines purposes and foundations of the existing voting system and tries to deduce how it works in reality. To do so it assess levels of third party support, their seats in the parliament and the general bias of the electoral system. Based on these explanations it focuses on the reasons for and against change, especially from the point of view of the conservatives and labour, and concludes that although reform is possible it is very unlikely to happen in the short-term. Is the UKs First Past the Post electoral system still fit-for-purpose and is there much chance it will be changed, if not in the short-term, in the medium- to long-term? First Past the Post (FPTP) or simple plurality, as this alternative name suggests, is one of the simplest and earliest mechanisms for voting and is widely adopted around the world including the largest democracies, India and the USA (Sberg Shugart, 2008, p. 7). In the UK, it came about from amalgamation of different mixed voting systems in 1866 and was adopted for all constituencies in the Reform Act of 1884 (Ahmed, 2010, pp. 1069-1074). This essay examines whether the First Past the Post (FPTP) electoral system is suitable for Britains current political environment and whether there is a chance of reform in the future. In particular, it focuses on successes and failures of FPTP and contrasts it with the functions and foundations of elections. It then considers the debate in Britain about electoral reform, a debate that looks set to be put to the political archives once again after the Alternative Vote (AV) referendum in 2011. Finally, it argues that although FPTP has particular shortcomings in handling third party votes and is biased against the Conservatives; in the presence of political will, electoral reform is only likely to take place in the long-term. This author tries to define fit-for-purpose from the foundations of FPTP rather than based on democratic ideals such as fairness and proportionality. As far as this essay is concerned, the purpose of an electoral system is to elect Members of Parliament (MPs) and in turn, the government and not proportional representation, as the latter is one of many functions that any electoral system may perform. To assess whether FPTP electoral system is fit-for-purpose, effects of it on the membership of the House of Commons should first be examined. The desirability of these effects or absence of some desired outcomes of a preferred electoral system would therefore define the need for reform. Firstly, defining the function of General elections would help to decide whether reform is indeed necessary. The arguments could broadly be divided into two opposing ideas: one that seeks to make the parliament a fully representative body of public opinion and the other that puts the emphasis on the ability of the electorate to determine the next government. The former prefers to leave government formation in the hands of the negotiating parties after the elections and the latter is willing to sacrifice proportionality to provide the electorate with this choice. This latter argument is one that has promoted FPTP and a system of single-party government, giving the choice between the governing party and the opposition to the electorate by using an electoral system that more or less guarantees an overall majority to whichever party comes first in votes (Curtice, 2010, pp. 624-626). This, in other words, facilitates a system where two largest parties alternate between government and oppo sition, the system that has mostly governed Britain in the post-war era. There seems to be a desire to keep with this latter function, both historically and at present, whilst attempting to add a degree of proportionality (Ahmed, 2010, pp. 1072-1074; Jenkins Commission, 1998, 9). Whether FPTP is fit for purpose or otherwise depends solely on what is expected from it, and how far these expectations are met. Curtice (2010, p. 625) identifies four crucial foundations to the argument expanded in the previous paragraph based on Duvergers Law and cube law. The former states that FPTP favours a two-party system, making life difficult for third parties ; the latter tries to formulate how FPTP can discriminate against the second party by disproportionate awarding of seats to the party that has won the elections even if by a very narrow margin (Cox, 1997, pp. 13-15, 72-74). Curtice (2010, p. 625; 1986, pp. 210-211) argues that a simple majority electoral system hinders support for third parties by discouraging voters and awarding those parties with smaller proportions of seats; allocates more seats to the winning party to facilitate a majority government; and at the same time awards this majority without bias to the two largest parties in different elections. These are features of an ideal electoral system in Britain conducted under the rules of FPTP. The question is whether influence of other parameters have changed the outcome of the elections to circumvent results predicted by Duvergers Law and cube law (Curtice, 2010, pp. 624-626; Curtice Steed, 1986, pp. 209-213; Jenkins Commission, 1998, 3.19-3.32). Let us first consider the effects of FPTP on third party votes and allocation of seats. Curtice (2010, pp. 626-629) utilises data compiled by Rallings and Thrasher (2007) and shows that although until 1974 share of third party votes in General elections was compatible with predictions of Duvergers Law, since then it has gone up from an average of less than 10% in previous years to an all-time high 34.9% of the vote . Moreover, the number of seats won by third parties in general elections has also increased from less than a dozen before 1974 to almost 90 in 2010 (BBC News, 2010; Rallings et al., 2007). It is fair to consider that this outcome is still compatible with Duvergers Law in that their share of seats are far less than their share of votes. However, this discrimination against third parties depends on geographical concentration of their voters (Curtice, 2010, p. 629; Jenkins Commission, 1998, 3.30). A similar share of votes in 1983 only awarded them 27 seats. This change is l ikely to make a hung parliament more possible. Secondly, FPTP should award more seats to the winning party than its lead in the polls. If cube law is to operate, a 1% swing to the winning party should result in as much as 3% of seats changing hands between the winning and second parties (Duverger, 1963, p. 322). This exaggerated effect that gives an easy majority in the House of Commons to the party in government is shown to be dependent on the number of marginal seats (Curtice, 2010, pp. 629-631; Curtice Steed, 1986, pp. 209-213). Ever since 1974 general election, the number of marginal seats that have changed hands between Labour and the Conservatives has come down from over 27% to 15% at the last general election, due to a trend towards geographical concentration of the Conservative and Labour support (Curtice Steed, 1986, pp. 209-228). Another factor that skews this further is to do with the last foundation described above; that the cube law operates without bias towards any parties. Curtice (2010, pp. 633-635) demonstrates that FPTP has been treating Labour more favourably when awarding exaggerated majorities in the recent years. This bias towards Labour adds to an already reduced number of marginal seats to fail FPTP in its main goal of providing two main alternatives to the electorate. Whether there is need for reforming the electoral system for the General elections in the UK, this reform may well happen or its chances become limited based on political calculations of the party/parties in power. Under the then Labour government, The Independent Commission on the Voting System (Jenkins Commission) was setup in 1997 with a remit to find an alternative electoral system to conform to a list of requirements that are broadly based on an extension of FPTP. These requirements were (i) broad proportionality; (ii) the need for stable government; (iii) an extension of voter choice; and (iv) the maintenance of a link between MPs and geographical constituencies (Jenkins Commission, 1998, 1.1). Comparing these requirements to the foundations of FPTP discussed above and as the requirements were not absolute one could argue that the need for a majority government would demand an exaggerated number of seats allocated to the winning party, something FPTP is already trying to ach ieve, and still be considered broadly proportional (Jenkins Commission, 1998, 9.18). The Jenkins Commission therefore proposed Alternative Vote (AV), another plurality voting system, plus a number of top-up seats to make it more proportional. Since AV is the best option put forward and has already been rejected by the electorate, it is hard to imagine that an electoral reform based on AV could happen anytime in the short- or medium-term. The reasons that hinder the change to the electoral system are not as numerous as they used to be over most of the twentieth century. FPTP does not provide the full extent of the exaggerative qualities it once did. Although, all major parties have mentioned reform of one kind or another in their latest manifestos (2010 Party Manifestos, 2010), the level of acceptance for reform amongst political parties also depends on whether they are in government or in opposition. Political parties in opposition tend to favour electoral reform, but when a party comes to power under FPTP, they are less likely to adopt changes (Sberg Shugart, 2008, p. 47). They appreciate the advantages, namely a strong mandate and one-party majority government that are less likely to exist if a more proportionally representative electoral system were to be adopted (Dunt Stevenson, 2013). In addition to this, there are also conflicting arguments as to who is the beneficiary of reform. There is no doubt that all thi rd parties will gain more seats under any electoral system that is more proportionally representative than FPTP. The question is which large party is going to lose. The majority of literature claims that if nothing changes apart from the voting system, e.g. number of MPs, constituency boundaries, etc., the Conservatives are going to lose the most seats (Blau, 2008, pp. 864-866; Payne Quilty-Harper, 2011). This can partly be eliminated by redrawing boundaries and reducing the number of MPs both proposed by the coalition government but they are unlikely to have an enormous effect in addressing the discrimination towards the Conservatives (Curtice, 2010, p. 637). Besides, this same dependence of an exaggerated majority in parliament to such a small swing in votes brings government public policy to the ideological centre and encourages legislation by consensus based on logical explanations by Chandler and Downs (cited in Curtice Steed, 1986, p. 211). This affects public satisfaction with the government in a positive way, since every party favours staying in power as long as possible. Because of this, public support for reform of the voting system is unlikely to be substantial. However, apart from pressure groups and minority parties who mainly favour proportional representation there are several reasons why larger governing parties mainly the Conservatives and Labour may favour electoral system reform. The most important and often forgotten reason being their attempt to defend their share of vote by adopting a more proportional system to prevent losing out to growing support of the third parties (Dunleavy Margetts, 2005, pp. 854-855). Moreover, Blau (2008, pp. 61-63) considers three other reasons for a change from within: proposing a popular reform and gaining votes as a result; as a concession to a coalition partner ; and the prospect of more votes and seats owing to an electoral reform . Blau (2008, p. 63) emphasises that the first reason is the most likely way for a reform process to start, but it also needs to be self-promoting to the party to gain traction. This could be one of the reasons why electoral reform did not happen in the current govern ment after the 2010 General elections, as Dunleavy and Margetts (2005, pp. 864-866) show the Conservatives are the least likely to gain any seats from a move to a more proportional electoral system. In considering reasons for this change, there are many other arguments that could not be expanded in this short essay. Such arguments include among many, under-representation of women and ethnic minorities due to the great emphasis on party affiliation; a great number of MPs being elected by plurality rather than majority of votes, prevalence of safe-seats limiting the choice for some voters, and as a result producing lower turnouts, and also no choice in electing a government and local representatives separately (Curtice, 2010; Dunleavy Margetts, 2005; Jenkins Commission, 1998, 3,4b). In addition, one should also consider the historic context where electoral system reform has been considered. As already mentioned in the beginning of this essay, many debates were held in the parliament in the latter half of the nineteenth century, for and against adoption of proportional representation in which FPTP has always been the outcome (Ahmed, 2010, pp. 1069-1074). This continuation of reform initiatives shows that there is a prospect of change only if it comes in the right time. This author believes that such reform is highly unlikely to take place in the short-term due to the recent AV referendum. It is also unlikely in the medium-term, as no other alternatives to AV have been proposed and large parties have little incentive to implement changes. However, this situation can only improve in the long-term. Change to proportional representation has been discussed for almost 150 years and is most likely to happen when favourable conditions exist. In conclusion, change seems possible if not likely, considering that we extrapolate current voting trends into the future (Blau, 2008, pp. 85-87). Most literature discussed above is of the belief that change will happen if third parties continue winning more seats and pose a threat to the duopoly (Ahmed, 2010; Curtice, 2010, 2012; Dunleavy, 2013; Dunleavy Margetts, 2004). It may result in a swap between the Liberal Democrats and one of the two largest parties, as happened in first half of the twentieth century. On the other hand, the prospect of a hung parliament in itself is not enough to make this change take place. Interests of large parties and MPs should also be aligned with it.

Anti-Nepotism and the Loss of Privacy :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Anti-Nepotism and the Loss of Privacy Introduction When employees bring their personal problems to work and it affects their performance or the performance of others, clearly you can coach, counsel, warn, and ultimately terminate their employment. In cases where employees did not cause a problem at work but were fired merely because of an anti-nepotism policy, courts in some states found the employees had been discriminated against on the basis of marital status. Such policies penalize employees who are married, as compared to unmarried employees whose relationships are equally intimate. Currently, thirty-eight (38) states prohibit marital status discrimination. Having a more general policy prohibiting employees who co-habit from working in the same area would not violate marital status laws, but could be considered an invasion of common law privacy, which is recognized in most states (Risser 1997). In my paper, I will address the issue of anti-nepotism, and invasion of common law privacy. What business is it of the organization if p eople co-habit? How are employers supposed to know who is living together? The prohibition against invasion of privacy by the government is enforced, yet anti-nepotism policies seem to supercede even those more strictly. Anti-Nepotism What is Nepotism? Nepotism comes about whenever an employee makes decisions affecting a close relative or domestic partner. Included in these decisions are those that pertain to "hiring, appointment, reappointment, classification, reclassification, evaluation, promotion, transfer, discipline, supervision, or pay increases". According to the King County Board of Ethics, nepotism is a conflict of interest based on familial relationship or domestic partnership, and is inconsistent with the basic principles of ethics (Edwards 1998). The practice of nepotism is said to be inconsistent in instances that require impartial decision-making and attempts to ensure that private interest or personal benefit does not override the public’s interest. In addition, nepotism creates situations that appear of improper influence or favor. As such, anti-nepotism policies have been written to protect public organizations from adverse lawsuits. There are many discriminatory clauses of anti-nepotism policies, as they pertain to individual lifestyle and privacy. Although an anti-nepotism policy does not expressly discriminate against an applicant based on the condition of being married or unmarried, it may exclude a person because of the particular identity of his or her spouse. Whether spousal identity – as opposed to marital status per se — is a prohibited basis for discrimination is an unanswered question under many discrimination laws

Thurgood Marshall Essay examples -- Papers Civil Rights Biography Essa

Thurgood Marshall During the 20th century I have read many books, newspaper articles and seen news broadcasts on two of the most famous Afro American Pioneers: Martin Luther King and Thurgood Marshall. Martin Luther King fought all his life for equal rights for Afro Americans, but Thurgood Marshall help elevate the Afro American civil rights struggles through legal precedents and timely court decisions. Thomas G. Kraftenmaker a professor of Constitutional law at Georgetown University Law Center wrote, "When I think of great American lawyers I think of Thurgood Marshall, Abe Lincoln and Daniel Webster". In this century only Earl Warren approaches Marshall. Thurgood Marshall is certainly the most important lawyer of the 20th century. Thurgood Marshall is the only black leader in American History who can argue that he defeated segregation where it really counts in court. Thurgood Marshall devised a legal strategy based on The United States Constitution; he forced rights to be extended equally to even the poorest and most disadvantaged citizens. Thurgood Marshall was born on July 2, 1908 in Baltimore Maryland. Thurgood Marshall many life accomplishments were instill upon him through his parents Norma Arica Marshall and William Canfield Marshall. Thurgood's mother Norma Arica Marshall was one of the first Afro Americans to graduate from Columbia University. Thurgood's father William Canfield Marshall was the first black person to serve on Baltimore's grand jury in the 20th century. Thurgood Marshall was a premed dental scholar at Lincoln University in Oxford Pennsylvania. As a junior, Thurgood met and eventually married his first wife Vivian Buster Burey, after graduation Thurgood went to the prominent Howard Law School i... ... at the age of 84 dies from a massive heart attack. Thurgood Marshall name can be mention in the same tone as Martin Luther King, both made big changes in the racial segregation culture and they did it without using violence. Today our society still isn't perfect, we still have to deal with crime and unemployment, but least Today Afro Americans have the right to vote, attend any school or college of their choice, and eat anywhere in a restaurant. Thurgood Marshall (Mr. Civil Rights) we appreciate what you have accomplished. RESOURCES Juan Williams Marshall's Law 7 Jan 1990*http://www.thurgoodmarshall.com.home.htm Ken Love Thurgood Marshall 9 Feb 1997*http://members.aol.com/klove01/marshall.htm Thurgood Marshall (1908-1993) New York Times 26 Jan 1993 http://www.ai.iit.edu/~/isbell/hth/blavck/events_and people/html/001.thurgood_marshall.html

Recruitment and Employment Essay

1. Reflect on key messages you learnt about recruitment and employment for university students in the session. After listening to the sharing session by CAIO, I found that there are two main key points in recruitment for university graduates. The first key point is that students can always apply or work in the field that is not their professions, though the career path will be more challenging. Vanessa shared a few examples of the past students’ experience in finding jobs, for instance, students majoring in engineering during the 3-years university life turned out to be an accountant; and a student who was in language study finally became a flight attendant. Listening to these sharing was very inspiring and encouraging as they gave me insight into my career path. Although I am majoring in language study, I do not aim at working as a translator or an educator. Instead, I want to work in the threatre-related industry. Therefore, after listening to the talk, I realized that it is possible for me to work in the non-language related field, only that I have to work harder, or have to face a lot of obstacles and need to make adjustment. Besides, another key message I got is that attitude and being active are the essential keys when attending interviews. After listening to Vanessa, I apprehend that showing a positive attitude during the job interview will give a better impression to the employer. When a person has a positive attitude in him/herself and is able to show that he or she is eager in getting the job, the person will probably be more active and out spoken in responding to the interviewer and is able to handle challenging questions better. Thus, it gives more confidence to the employer that the candidate is suitable for the job which thus, leading to the success in job application. Therefore, in general, I have also learnt from the session by CAIO that having a positive attitude and being outspoken and active in job interviews increase the chances of being employed.

Interests, issues, and psychological distance in integrative negotiation Essay

Integrative negotiation Introduction                   Giacomantonio, De Dreu, & Mannetti, (2010) argues that integrative negotiation is likely to reduce occurrence of future conflicts, result in acceptable agreements, and maintain the feelings of self-efficacy. The study used experimental design to evaluate the process and importance of integrative negotiations in conflict resolution. The evaluation was done based on the underlying interests (primary focus) and underlying issues (secondary focus). Primary focus was said to be the main considerations in integrative negations. Many negotiations fail to address the underlying interests and concentrate on issues and thus they end not getting a long-term solution. The authors argue that low psychological distance play an important part in constructive integrative negotiation as opposed to long distance.                   According to the study, integrative approach ensures that the warring parties are involved in negotiations and they achieve aspirations rather than fifty-fifty compromise. Many research carried out on integrative negotiations reveals that they end result is a win-win situation without compromising on any issue or need. In addition, the design of integrative negotiation involves considerations of the underlying issues in order to address the conflict effectively. The integration allow cooperation during conflict resolution process and ensure that no issues that are left unattended. Since all the issues are addressed during the initial conflict resolution, the probability of future conflicts is reduced significantly.                   According to the study, debriefing of the negotiators prior to the negotiation process helps the development of integrative negotiation. The process is enhanced from the fact that the negotiators familiarise with the situations and understand the priorities and preferences of their subjects. According to the authors, integrative negotiations are effective when negotiations involve on conflicting group members. When negotiation includes out-group people, there is high likely hood of disruptive and hurting negotiations rather than cooperative solution, which is the major factor in integrative negotiations. References Giacomantonio, M., De Dreu, C. W., & Mannetti, L. (2010). Now you see it, now you don’t: interests, issues, and psychological distance in integrative negotiation.  Journal of Personality & Social Psychology,  98(5), 761-774 http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/614552589/fulltextPDF/EAB7338B11CA4437PQ/1?accountid=35812http://dip38.psi.uniroma1.it/servizi/dppss2012/sites/default/files/giacomantonio_et_al._2010_jpsp.pdf Source document

Analyze The Procurement Methods Samples

The success of a construction project is usually determined from the initial stages through the procurement process chosen. The procurement process will influence the whole construction process and able to determine the success of the construction projects. This paper will analyze three key procurement methods namely design and construct procurement method, management procurement method and collaborative procurement. This paper will analyse the positive and negative impacts, which are accrued when these methods are adopted in construction projects. Additionally, it will look at the benefits and risks, which the different stakeholders experience when either of the methods is chosen. One of the key procurement method, which is gaining popularity in construction projects, is the design and constructs procurement method. As the name suggests, the procurement method can allow the commencement of the construction phase while the design process is still on the process (Victorian State Government, 2006). The adoption of this method is usually done to ensure that the completion of the project is completed in time. Moreover, under this procurement method, different details of the project are given in advance and therefore enhancing the stakeholders planning. Additionally, under this method, the contractor can bear most of the risks in design and implementation of the project. The terms of the contract sum are provided through competitive pricing, which the client can control (Infrastructure Australia, 2012). Under this method, different approaches, which are able to define the relationship and responsibilities of different stakeholders, are usually stated. The following diagrams are able to highlight the different approaches, which are used when this method is applied in a construction project. Under this method, the client can control only one firm which they enter into a contract with regarding the project. The firm has the responsibility for design and construction of the project. The few stakeholders involved can increase the operational efficiency when implementing projects (Mortledge, Smith, and Kashiwagi, 2006). This is able to enhance the commitment of the resources to one area and limit the time of contacting different people separately such as designers and contractor. Overlapping of activities is possible which enhances the implementation cycle. Time is usually saved when the different activities take place at the same time, and this enhances completion of the project within the stipulated timeline. Moreover, the contractor has a contribution on the design parameters, and this enhances the constructibility of the project. Additionally, the cost of implementation is under control when this method is used. The maximum price is usually determined in the procurement stage, and this ensures that any escalation is met within the set budget. Nevertheless, this method has some key flaws, which are experienced when it’s chosen to implement construction projects. The project specifications can easily change according to the needs of the client. Since the lump sum cost is fixed, it creates a hard implementation time when the specification changes (National Research Council (U.S.), & National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (U.S.), 2016). This can lead to an expensive project than it was anticipated before. Also, this method requires comparison of different designs. This may take a lot of time and therefore take up implementation timeline. Moreover, the client is required to commit to a concept design before the detailed and complete designs are completed. This raises high chances for changes while the project is under implementation stage and making the project expensive (Construction Specifications Institute, 2005). Moreover, the client has to prepare all the contract documents in advance and through this method, difficulties may be experienced, where the documents are inadequate and insufficiently comprehensive due to client limitation to prepare them. Several stakeholders involved in these projects can enjoy when it is chosen to implement a construction project. First, the client has limited risks since the contractor has much of the control of the project. This means that the contractor and not the client will sort out financial escalation. Secondly, the client can receive the completed project on time. This is because overlapping of activities is possible and gives the contractors and subcontractors enough time to beat the project deadline (Construction, 2016). The method enhances proper construction method by the contractor since they were involved in the design stages. This gives them ample time for implementation and enhancing the cooperation of the different ideas. Some of the stakeholders are able to experience some problems when this method is chosen. First, the client is required to prepare the contract document, an exercise, which the client may, not be experienced in doing (Gould & Joyce, 2014). The client may experience this problem when preparing the documents. Secondly, the contractor is able to bear all the risks and therefore when the costs exceed the contractor can experience the losses. When changes occur, the cost of the project is able to change but the lump sum cost is unlikely to change and therefore the contractor bears that additional cost. The projects, which their design scopes are unlikely to change, suit this procurement method. In addition, projects whose building is functional rather than prestigious aspects are more stresses suit this method (Gould, 2012). Simple projects, where the technical knowledge is limited suit this method for implementation. Lastly, projects, which require quick implementation, need a procurement method like this to ensure quick implementation. Another upcoming procurement method in the construction projects is the management procurement. Under this procurement method, the client can appoint an independent professional team and a management contractor. This team can act as the adviser to the client in the preconstruction stages and able to carry out the construction works during the construction stage (Gould & Joyce, 2014). In addition, under this method, different approaches can as well be used. Some of these methods include management contracting, construction management and design and manage. The different stakeholders under this method relate according to the following diagram Management contracting- this method requires the appointment of an independent professional team which will advise the client and later carry out the construction works (Austroads, 2007). Early start of the project can be achieved through this approach. Construction management – this approach requires a management contractor who is able to determine the different project aspects (Arain, 2016). Work contractor is also chosen and enhance the implementation of the project works. The management contractor can manage the other contractors. Design and manage –A contractor is chosen to head the design and implementation stage of the construction project. The works contractor and consultant take different responsibilities under this approach. There are different pros, which are achieved using this method. First, the client is able to choose a single firm, which he or she deals with. This enhances the management and coordination from the client perspective (Mortledge, Smith, and Kashiwagi, 2006). Additionally, overlapping of activities is possible through this method and therefore enhancing early completion of the project. Constructability is usually enhanced since the contractor is involved in the design stage when this method is chosen. Competitiveness in tendering process ensures value for money to the client. Additionally, all roles and responsibilities to the different stakeholders are usually stipulated and therefore minimising conflict of interest. Lastly, the flexibility of design is usually possible to suit the client preferences. First, this method is not certain about the cost of the project, and it is only known at the end of the project completion. This means that cost escalation can be able to increase and making the implementation stage hard. Additionally, the client is much involved in the process and therefore requires client who has knowledge of the construction process (Gould, 2012). Additionally, the client is able to lose the control of the design, a responsibility which constructors can take. This means clients needs may not be addressed fully (Harris, Mccaffer & Edum-Fotwe, 2013). Lastly, clear definition of the implementation timeline and all information of the project is required before the implementation stage commences, which may be hard to provide. The client has an easy time in control of the single firm chosen to manage the project. This enhances the collaboration and coordination between the client and implementation team (Fewings, 2013). The methods provide enough time for the contractor to complete the project on time through the overlapping of activities. Additionally, the client can achieve the value of money for the project through the competitive tendering and selection of the implementation team. Each role and responsibility of the stakeholders is to know and therefore enhancing their operation. The client is able to lose the control of the design aspects of the project. This means that their needs may not well articulated as they need. Since the client is not in the design and management part, the end product may not suit their needs (Fewings, 2013). The cost risk is available to the works contractor and the client. Since the cost is uncertain, changes on the cost are likely to occur and therefore likely to suppress the set budget. Informed client about the construction process is a key element to this method. A problem may arise on the management team when the client does not understand these processes. Simple projects, which the clients can understand, are most preferred to be carried out through this method. Projects, which can easily change also, require this method for their implementation. Under this method, different stakeholders in the construction project come together. The risks involved in the project are share according to the different responsibilities, which the shareholders have in the project (Gould, 2012). This procurement method requires stakeholders who can share the same ideas and aspects concerning the project. Under this method, the flow of different elements can be represented as in the following diagram. Transparency level is usually high under this method, and this is a key pro, which this method can bring in procurement sector (Centre for Excellence and Innovation in Infrastructure Delivery, 2010). The different parties are able to collaborate and able to bring the value of money to the project. High resource utilisation is also achieved in this method. Effective implementation of the project is usually achieved through the high consultation in the project. Different ideas are presented enhancing the innovations and implementation of the project. Lastly, due to the high involvement of stakeholders, the projected uncertainty is usually low. This method requires a lot of time during the implementation stage. This may lead to the project timeline to be exceeded (Arain, 2016). The high involvement and coordination require the high trust to the members. This level may not be possible. Opportunistic behaviour may arise and therefore increasing the risk of implementation. The client can forecast on their needs of the project through the early involvement in design stages (Gould, & Joyce, 2013). This enhances the client to prepare and manage their resources for the project implementation. The contractors have an easy time in implementation due to different ideas from stakeholders. The high quality project is achieved for the client through the collaborative ideas. The client may not receive the project on time due to the increased collaboration process. Trust issues among the stakeholders are a problem, which may affect the contractors working (Harris, Mccaffer & Edum-Fotwe, 2013). Increased implementation timeline is a risk to the contractor since additional costs may accrue. Complex project requires this method to enhance their implementation. Additionally, high project requires this method to take the advantage of different input from different people. Procurement methods are key in the implementation of the construction project. The choice of the procurement method depends on the details of the project. Each method has its pros and cons and the areas, which they will perfectly suit to bring the best out of the projects. The different stakeholders can derive different benefits on each method, which is chosen. Additionally, the risk is a key part of the construction process and therefore whichever method is chosen, some problems may be experienced. (2016). Construction. https://trrjournalonline.trb.org/toc/trr/2573. ARAIN, F. M. (2016). Construction project management research compendium. Volume 6 Volume 6. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=1365770. AUSTROADS (2007). Guide to project delivery: part 2: project delivery planning and control, by R Brown and P Robinson, AGPD02/07, Austroads, Sydney, NSW. BALDWIN, A., & BORDOLI, D. (2014). A handbook for project planning and scheduling in construction. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1666532. centre for excellence and innovation in infrastructure delivery (2010). Infrastructure procurement options guide, Centre for Excellence and Innovation in Infrastructure Delivery, Western Australia, Perth, WA.   CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS INSTITUTE. (2005). The project resource manual: CSI manual of practice. New York, McGraw-Hill. FEWINGS, P. (2013). Construction project management: an integrated approach. Abingdon, Oxon, Routledge. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1092840. GOULD, F. E. (2012). Managing the construction process: estimating, scheduling, and project control. Boston, Prentice Hall. GOULD, F. E., & JOYCE, N. (2014). Construction project management. GOULD, F., & JOYCE, N. (2013). Construction Project Management. Upper Saddle River, NJ, Pearson Education. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=4773308. HARRIS, F., MCCAFFER, R., & EDUM-FOTWE, F. (2013). Modern construction management. Hoboken, N.J., Wiley-Blackwell. https://www.AUT.eblib.com.au/EBLWeb/patron/?target=patron&extendedid=P_1132836_0. INFRASTRUCTURE AUSTRALIA. (2012). Efficiencies in major project procurement: volume 1: Benchmarks for efficient procurement of major infrastructure, Department of Infrastructure and Transport, Canberra, ACT. MORTLEDGE, R., SMITH, A., KASHIWAGI, D.T. (2006).   Building Procurement. Blackwell, Oxford, UK.   NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (U.S.)., & NATIONAL ACADEMIES OF SCIENCES, ENGINEERING, AND MEDICINE (U.S.),. (2016). Construction. (Transportation research record.) VICTORIAN STATE GOVERNMENT (2006).   Project Alliance Practitioners Guide. Department of Treasury and Finance (https://www.dtf.vic.gov.au/projectalliancing)